18 research outputs found

    Design of Natural Warning Sounds in Human-Machine Systems

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    The goal of this research is increased safety in aviation. Aviation is a highly automated and complex, as well as, safety critical human-machine system. The pilot communicates with the system via a human-machine interface in cockpit. In an alerting situation this interface is in part an auditory alerting system. Human errors are often consequences of actions brought about by poor design. Pilots complain that they may be both disturbed and annoyed of alerts, which may affect performance, especially in non-normal situations when the mental workload is high. This research is based on theories in ergonomics and cognitive engineering with the assumption that improved human performance within a system increase safety. Cognitive engineering is a design philosophy for reducing the effort required by cognitive functions by changing the technical interface, which may lead to improved performance. Knowledge of human abilities and limitations and multidisciplinary interrelated theories between humans, sounds and warnings are used. Several methods are involved in this research, such as literature studies, field studies, controlled experiments and simulations with pilots. This research defines design requirements for sounds appropriate in auditory alerts as Natural Warning Sounds. For example, they have a natural meaning within the user’s context, are compatible with the auditory information process, are pleasant to listen to (not annoying), are easy to learn and are clearly audible. A design process for auditory alerting systems is suggested. It includes methods of associability and sound imagery, which develop Natural Warning Sounds, and combines these with an appropriate presentation format. Associability is introduced and represents the required effort to associate sounds to their assigned alert function meaning. An associable sound requires less effort and fewer cognitive resources. Soundimagary is used to develop sound images. A sound image is a sound, which by its acoustics characteristics has a particular meaning to someone without prior training in a certain context. Simulations of presentation formats resulted in recommendations for cancellation capabilities and avoiding continuously repeated alerts. This research brings related theories closer to practice and demonstrates general methods that will allow designers, together with the users of the system, to apply them in their own system.QC 2010091

    Design of Natural Warning Sounds

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    The goal of this research is increased safety and human performance in aviation. Human errors are often consequences of actions brought about by poor design. The pilot communicates with the aircraft system through an interface in cockpit. In an alerting situation this interface includes an auditory alerting system. Pilots complain that they may be both disturbed and annoyed of alerts, which may affect performance, especially in non-normal situations when the mental workload is high. This research is based on theories in human factors /ergonomics and cognitive engineering with the assumption that improved human performance within a system increase safety. Cognitive engineering is a design philosophy for reducing the effort required by cognitive functions by changing the technical interface, which may lead to improved performance. Knowledge of human abilities and limitations and multidisciplinary interrelated theories between humans, sounds and warnings are integrated into this research. Several methods are included, such as literature studies, field studies, controlled experiments and simulations with pilots. This research provides design requirements for sounds appropriate as auditory alerts, defined as Natural Warning Sounds. These sounds either have a natural meaning within the user's context, or are compatible with the human's natural auditory information process, or both, they are also pleasant to listen to (not annoying), easy to learn and clearly audible. In an experimental study associability of different sounds were compared. Associability is the required effort to associate sounds to their assigned alert function meaning. The more associable a sound is it requires less effort and fewer cognitive resources. The study shows that auditory icons and animal sounds were more associable than conventional alerts! In another listening study the method of Soundimagery was used to develop soundimages. A soundimage is a sound, which by its acoustics characteristics has a particular meaning to someone without prior training in a certain context. Soundimages were successfully developed, however it may be difficult to come up with sound candidates for functions that lack sound or are not associated to a particular sound. In a simulation study different presentation formats were compared. The results show that auditory systems should have cancellation capabilities and avoid continuously repeated alerts. This research brings related theories closer to practice and demonstrates methods that will allow designers, together with the users of the system, to apply them in their own system design

    Work functions shaping the ability to innovate: insights from the case of the safety engineer

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    To perform as intended, firms are divided into work functions that contribute to the behaviour-shaping constraints under which individuals build their skills, knowledge and networks. These in turn provide a specialized perspective on organisational structure and culture. In a mixed methods study involving interviews and statistical analyses, we investigate whether a work function can thereby affect individuals’ innovation foci and efficacy. Safety engineers, central to firms developing Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), are shown to play a significant role in identifying and supporting viable innovation related to organisational aspects. Results indicate that safety engineers could use the firm’s collaborative innovation process to facilitate organisational learning, helping different work functions come together to construct working practices aligned with the organisational values of the firm. This is explained by their understanding of safety culture—a specialized understanding of organisational culture and complexity provided by their work function. We conclude that work functions that provide their members with a perspective well aligned with their firm’s organisational values can instil the ability to identify and support organisational innovation. This suggests that safety engineers in CPS domains could be effective in a mediatory role, facilitating innovative changes to organisational structures and processes when introducing and operating safety management systems. Stronger aspects of organisational liaising and systems thinking could reinforce this ability—the former by a wider scope and motivation leading to an increased skill in communicating with dissimilar individuals, and the latter by providing the skills and tools needed to analyse the politics of complex organisations.QC 20191202</p

    M\ue4nniska-tekniksystem

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    Engineer-Centred Design Factors and Methodological Approach for Maritime Autonomy Emergency Response Systems

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    Commercial deployment of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) is close to becoming a reality. Although MASSs are fully autonomous, the industry will still allow remote operations centre (ROC) operators to intervene if a MASS is facing an emergency the MASS cannot handle by itself. A human-centred design for the associated emergency response systems will require attention to the ROC operator workplace, but also, arguably, to the behaviour-shaping constraints on the engineers building these systems. There is thus a need for an engineer-centred design of engineering organisations, influenced by the current discourse on human factors. To contribute to the discourse, think-aloud protocol interviewing was conducted with well-informed maritime operators to elicit fundamental demands on cognition and collaboration by maritime autonomy emergency response systems. Based on the results, inferences were made regarding both design factors and methodological choices for future, early phase engineering of emergency response systems. Firstly, engineering firms have to improve their informal gathering and sharing of information through gatekeepers and/or organisational liaisons. To avoid a too cautious approach to accountability, this will have to include a closer integration of development and operations. Secondly, associated studies taking the typical approach of exposing relevant operators to new design concepts in scripted scenarios should include significant flexibility and less focus on realism.QC 20220822Boundaries of Autonom

    Slutrapport Förstudie Brantare

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    Förstudie Brantare Àr en förstudie vars syfte har varit att identifiera forskningsbehov som Àr relevanta för att kunna genomföra en meningsfull implementering av brantare inflygningsvinkel som bullerreducerande ÄtgÀrd. Detta har gjorts genom att: 1. Identifiera vilka variabler som Àr avgörande för att kunna tillÀmpa brantare inflygningsvinkel. Detta relaterat till flygoperativa aspekter och begrÀnsningar. T ex faktorer sÄsom flygplanens egenskaper, vindriktning och styrka. Andra relevanta faktorer kan vara sikt, moln, nederbörd, inflygningsvinkel (autolandsystembegrÀnsningar och inflygningsljusvinkel), trafikintensitet, flygplanskategori (Light, Medium, Heavy) etc. 2. Identifiera variabler som Àr avgörande för den potentiellt bullerreducerande effekten av brantare inflygningsvinkel. Detta Àr mer relaterat till hÄllbarhetsaspekter som bullergenerering samt spridning och exempelvis brÀnsleförbrukning (miljö och operativa kostnader). MÄlet har varit att, baserat pÄ det identifierade forskningsbehovet, skapa ingÄngsvÀrden till ett kommande huvudprojekt Brantare. Huvudprojektets syfte kommer sedan att vara att ge kunskap om de flygoperationella aspekterna och effekterna av inflygning med glidbanevinklar brantare Àn vad som vanligtvis anvÀnds av flygplan vid inflygning till en flygplats. Kunskap kommer dÄ att erhÄllas huruvida piloters sÀtt att flyga innebÀr möjligheter eller begrÀnsningar till att reducera buller i praktiken, och vilka möjligheter och begrÀnsningar detta Àr. En brantare inflygningsvinkel minskar i teorin bullerpÄverkan frÄn ankommande flygplan till en flygplats genom att avstÄndet mellan bullerkÀllan och det störda omrÄdet pÄ marken ökas. Flygoperativt kommer troligtvis en förÀndring av glidbanevinkeln innebÀra en annorlunda hantering av flygplanets lÀges- och rörelseenergi. Effekten skulle kunna innebÀra att ett förÀndrat sÀtt att flyga dÄ kan medföra nya mönster av bullerspridning vid inflygningen. Detta skulle kunna förta den önskade effekten och till och med kunna fÄ direkt motsatt effekt för vissa omrÄden pÄ marken. I denna förstudie, som Àven lett fram till en forskningsansökan, har piloters agerande vid inflygning med brantare inflygningsvinkel konstaterats vara ett omrÄde som inte studerats sÀrskilt ofta trots att forskning har efterfrÄgats. För att om möjligt kunna fÄ ett tillrÀckligt stort flygoperativt underlag att arbeta med kommer dÀrför en viktig del i huvudprojektet Brantare vara anvÀndningen av data frÄn fÀrdskrivare i kommersiella flygplan. Denna data innehÄller betydligt mer information Àn exempelvis radardata. Genom att dÀrur extrahera data rörande piloters agerande och korrigera den fysiska inflygningsvinkeln med vinddata, kan piloternas agerande studeras för en ekvivalent glidbana som motsvarar den glidbana som skulle ha flugits om det varit vindstilla. Förstudien har ocksÄ konstaterat att samverkan med andra möjliga CSA-finansierade projekt, primÀrt SAFT, kan skapa synergieffekter och dÀrmed ge en ökad förstÄelse för hur det potentiellt förÀndrade flygoperativa beteendet kopplat till en förÀndrad glidbanevinkel kan förvÀntas pÄverka bullerspridningen i varje punkt lÀngs en inflygning och hur bullerspridningen kan förÀndras (t.ex. minska i ett omrÄde men öka i ett annat) med hÀnsyn till aktuell vind och faktiskt glidbanevinkel.CSA ULLA Undersökningar medelst LjudmÀtningar vid Landningar pÄ Arland

    Culture Implications on Future Work Design - New Technologies and Collaborations for Controllers and Pilots

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    Abstract As Air Traffic Control, ATC, has evolved gradually during the 20th century technology, law and culture have been developed and introduced into aviation in such a way that the aviation community in Europe now appears like a patchwork consisting of virtually hundreds of different and fragmented parts. Current harmonisation work such as the European Single Sky initiative may be seen as a reaction to this (European Commission, 1999). In the decade to come aeronautics will face large challenges when capacity limits will be reached because of ever increasing traffic. New technology is now gradually being introduced in order to meet these challenges (Eurocontrol,1998). In future aviation system pilots and air-traffic controllers will have new roles, responsibilities and ways of collaboration. The context for pilots and controllers work is very different, yet they are complementary actors in a common system. The two groups have different professional cultures and will be part of a common change. This paper consolidate recent research from Air Traffic Control, Flight Operations and Maintenance on issues such as organisational culture, safety culture, implementing major organisational change and a new human factors model. It is suggested that the consolidated research may be applied to and facilitate future changes in their joint system due to the many similarities and differences between flight operations (FO) and air traffic control (ATC) that exist. One conclusion is that the overall implication for future work design between controllers and pilots is not only cultural. It is necessary to develop theoretically sound practice that can create new organisational processes which are functionally effective for all stakeholders and which then provide the basis for a new collective understanding of how the system can work (McDonald, 2009) and go from there. Further research should be focused on discussing the re-1 Corresponding author 2 levance for developing a common process model with training modules for crosslearning and develop a common reporting system to feed common risk models and performance measures

    Culture Implications on Future Work Design : New Technologies and Collaborations for Controllers and Pilots

    No full text
    As Air Traffic Control, ATC, has evolved gradually during the 20th century technology, law and culture have been developed and introduced into aviation in such a way that the aviation community in Europe now appears like a patchwork consisting of virtually hundreds of different and fragmented parts. Current harmonisation work such as the European Single Sky initiative may be seen as a reaction to this (European Commission, 1999). In the decade to come aeronautics will face large challenges when capacity limits will be reached because of ever increasing traffic. New technology is now gradually being introduced in order to meet these challenges (Eurocontrol, 1998). In future aviation system pilots and air-traffic controllers will have new roles, responsibilities and ways of collaboration. The context for pilots and controllers work is very different, yet they are complementary actors in a common system. The two groups have different professional cultures and will be part of a common change. This paper consolidate recent research from Air Traffic Control, Flight Operations and Maintenance on issues such as organisational culture, safety culture, implementing major organizational change and a new human factors model. It is suggested that the consolidated research may be applied to and facilitate future changes in their joint system due to the many similarities and differences between flight operations (FO) and air traffic control (ATC) that exist. One conclusion is that the overall implication for future work design between controllers and pilots is not only cultural. It is necessary to develop theoretically sound practice that can create new organisational processes which are functionally effective for all stakeholders and which then provide the basis for a new collective understanding of how the system can work (McDonald, 2009) and go from there. Further research should be focused on discussing the relevance for developing a common process model with training modules for crosslearning and develop a common reporting system to feed common risk models and performance measures.QC 20120222HILA

    Slutrapport Förstudie Brantare

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    Förstudie Brantare Àr en förstudie vars syfte har varit att identifiera forskningsbehov som Àr relevanta för att kunna genomföra en meningsfull implementering av brantare inflygningsvinkel som bullerreducerande ÄtgÀrd. Detta har gjorts genom att: 1. Identifiera vilka variabler som Àr avgörande för att kunna tillÀmpa brantare inflygningsvinkel. Detta relaterat till flygoperativa aspekter och begrÀnsningar. T ex faktorer sÄsom flygplanens egenskaper, vindriktning och styrka. Andra relevanta faktorer kan vara sikt, moln, nederbörd, inflygningsvinkel (autolandsystembegrÀnsningar och inflygningsljusvinkel), trafikintensitet, flygplanskategori (Light, Medium, Heavy) etc. 2. Identifiera variabler som Àr avgörande för den potentiellt bullerreducerande effekten av brantare inflygningsvinkel. Detta Àr mer relaterat till hÄllbarhetsaspekter som bullergenerering samt spridning och exempelvis brÀnsleförbrukning (miljö och operativa kostnader). MÄlet har varit att, baserat pÄ det identifierade forskningsbehovet, skapa ingÄngsvÀrden till ett kommande huvudprojekt Brantare. Huvudprojektets syfte kommer sedan att vara att ge kunskap om de flygoperationella aspekterna och effekterna av inflygning med glidbanevinklar brantare Àn vad som vanligtvis anvÀnds av flygplan vid inflygning till en flygplats. Kunskap kommer dÄ att erhÄllas huruvida piloters sÀtt att flyga innebÀr möjligheter eller begrÀnsningar till att reducera buller i praktiken, och vilka möjligheter och begrÀnsningar detta Àr. En brantare inflygningsvinkel minskar i teorin bullerpÄverkan frÄn ankommande flygplan till en flygplats genom att avstÄndet mellan bullerkÀllan och det störda omrÄdet pÄ marken ökas. Flygoperativt kommer troligtvis en förÀndring av glidbanevinkeln innebÀra en annorlunda hantering av flygplanets lÀges- och rörelseenergi. Effekten skulle kunna innebÀra att ett förÀndrat sÀtt att flyga dÄ kan medföra nya mönster av bullerspridning vid inflygningen. Detta skulle kunna förta den önskade effekten och till och med kunna fÄ direkt motsatt effekt för vissa omrÄden pÄ marken. I denna förstudie, som Àven lett fram till en forskningsansökan, har piloters agerande vid inflygning med brantare inflygningsvinkel konstaterats vara ett omrÄde som inte studerats sÀrskilt ofta trots att forskning har efterfrÄgats. För att om möjligt kunna fÄ ett tillrÀckligt stort flygoperativt underlag att arbeta med kommer dÀrför en viktig del i huvudprojektet Brantare vara anvÀndningen av data frÄn fÀrdskrivare i kommersiella flygplan. Denna data innehÄller betydligt mer information Àn exempelvis radardata. Genom att dÀrur extrahera data rörande piloters agerande och korrigera den fysiska inflygningsvinkeln med vinddata, kan piloternas agerande studeras för en ekvivalent glidbana som motsvarar den glidbana som skulle ha flugits om det varit vindstilla. Förstudien har ocksÄ konstaterat att samverkan med andra möjliga CSA-finansierade projekt, primÀrt SAFT, kan skapa synergieffekter och dÀrmed ge en ökad förstÄelse för hur det potentiellt förÀndrade flygoperativa beteendet kopplat till en förÀndrad glidbanevinkel kan förvÀntas pÄverka bullerspridningen i varje punkt lÀngs en inflygning och hur bullerspridningen kan förÀndras (t.ex. minska i ett omrÄde men öka i ett annat) med hÀnsyn till aktuell vind och faktiskt glidbanevinkel.CSA ULLA Undersökningar medelst LjudmÀtningar vid Landningar pÄ Arland

    FLYT 365 – Dags att sjösĂ€tta förutsĂ€ttningar för en innovativ kollektivtrafik?

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    Studien har en utgÄngspunkt i tidigare arbeten om kollektivtrafik pÄ vatten men tar ett större grepp. Genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer med representanter för centrala aktörer i planeringen av kollektivtrafiksystemets utveckling och med ett avstamp i systemteori pÄvisas egenskaper som tillskrivs stora sociotekniska system. DÀrigenom framstÄr ett tydligt behov av att omvandla kollektivtrafiksystemet för att minska klimatavtryck och trÀngsel och samtidigt öka kapaciteten. Analysen visar hur inarbetade regelverk, planeringsprocesser, modeller, verktyg och samhÀlls­ekonomiska kalkyler deltar i en rÄdande socioteknisk regim som bara tillÄter systemförÀndringar inom etablerade ramar. FörutsÀttningarna för innovation, i det hÀr sammanhanget öppenheten för icke-etablerade trafiklösningar, blir dÀrmed begrÀnsade vilket hÀmmar omvandling i hÄllbar riktning. Rapporten identifierar och diskuterar en rad lÄsningar vilka beskrivs i relation till explicita delregimer och förklarar hur den etablerade regimen inte slÀpper in trafikslagsövergripande alternativ, inte uppfattar möjligheterna att utnyttja vattenvÀgar eller stödjer utveckling av andra icke etablerade alternativ. LÄsningarna hindrar alternativ att slÄ igenom som inte ingÄr i systemets dominanta design. Studien konstaterar att bÀttre förutsÀttningar för innovation skulle bidra till ett faktiskt trafikslagsövergripande perspektiv och ökat nyttjande av bland annat potentialen hos vattenvÀgarna. Rapporten avslutas med att samla nyckelresultat, slutsatser samt tar steg framÄt genom en uppsÀttning förslag för ökad innovativitet i utvecklingen av kollektivtrafiksystemet, varav nÄgra Àr direkt riktade till utvecklingen av den vattenburna kollektivtrafiken.QC 20201216</p
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