Toward Introduction of Immunity-based Model to Continuous Behavior-based User Authentication on Smart Phone

AbstractSmart phone stores a lot of important private information, so that user authentication is increasingly necessary to prevent attacks by illegal users who are not the owner of the smart phone. Password authentication or biometrics can be generally applied only on login. After the authentication is passed, not only the legal owner but also illegal users freely use the smart phone. Therefore we are trying to develop a behavior-based user authentication system to continuously check the user activities after login. The developing system can extract many operational and behavioral features characteristic of user by multiple sensors; for example, touch screen, accelerometer, microphone, and GPS sensor. And then it can combine the authentication results from the multiple sensors because a single sensor may produce poor authentication accuracy. In this paper, we report the ongoing results of our system, that is, the experimental results from user authentication using touch operational features, and some features extracted from accelerometer. We also discuss the introduction of immunity-based model to our system to integrate the authentication results from the multiple sensors

Studies on Anaphylactic Manifestation in Guinea Pig\u27s Atria by Means of Albumin Labeled with Fluorescein

It has been widely accepted that the anaphylactic reaction might be caused principally by chemical substances released from the tissues as a result of antigen-antibody reaction. Atria isolated from guinea pigs sensitized by egg-albumin were mainly used for this experiment. When the sensitized atrium and the non-sensitized guinea-pig\u27s ileum were suspended together in the same bath, there appeared strong contraction of the ileum along with the provocation of anaphylaxis in the sensitized atrium. Although such contraction of ileum was abolished almost completely by diphenhydramine or diphenylpyraline, the atrial anaphylaxis was not affected. The anaphylactic reaction was also evoked by perfusing solution containing the antigen. However, the atrial anaphylaxis showed little influence on the contractile tension of the non-sensitized atrium suspended together in the same bath. The above facts suggest that the anaphylactic contraction would not be caused solely by mediators, including hitherto unknown chemical substances. So the further attempt was carried out to examine in vitro the site of antigen-antibody interaction in the atrium by using the antigen labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The specific fluorescence about the muscle cells was observed along their boundary of the highly sensitized atrium. Through the results in these experiments, together with the reports from our laboratory, it could be assumed that in the atrial anaphylaxis the antigen-antibody reaction itself induces some changes on the cell membrane leading to muscular contraction

Public attitudes in Japan toward the creation and use of gametes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells

ヒトiPS細胞を用いた配偶子の作製と利用をめぐる日本の一般市民を対象にした調査. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-10-25.[Aim:] To ascertain to what extent the Japanese general public accept the creation and use of in vitro derived (IVD)-gametes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. [Materials & methods:] We conducted an online survey and obtained answers from 3096 respondents. [Results:] 78.6% of the respondents answered that they would accept the creation and use of IVD-gametes for research purposes, 51.7% answered that they would accept the creation and use of embryos with IVD-gametes for research purposes, and 25.9% answered that they would accept childbirth using embryos with IVD-gametes. [Discussion:] The results that approximately half of the respondents answered that they would accept the creation of embryos with IVD-gametes, which has not been allowed in the current Japanese research guidelines, is astonishing

Human genome editing in clinical applications: Japanese lay and expert attitudes

ヒトを対象としたゲノム編集の利用に関する調査研究. 京都大学公式プレスリリース. 2023-09-27.Capturing the lay public's opinions on genome editing of human embryos. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-10-12.Background: The world’s first gene-edited babies, reported by the Chinese scientist He Jiankui, prompted an outcry of criticism and concerns worldwide over the use of genome editing for reproductive purposes. Many countries and academic associations opposed to heritable genome editing (HGE) called for public discussion involving various stakeholders. To hold a discussion of this nature and form a consensus concerning HGE, we must understand under what conditions stakeholders consider HGE acceptable and the reasons for which they deem it unacceptable. Methods: Laypeople and researchers were surveyed in May 2019. They were asked about the degree of their acceptance toward somatic genome editing (SGE) and HGE; those who answered “acceptable depending on the purpose” were queried further regarding their acceptance in the contexts of specific clinical purposes. Results: Responses were obtained from 4, 424 laypeople and 98 researchers. The percentage of respondents choosing each option in attitudes to HGE was, from largest to smallest: “acceptable depending on purpose” (laypeople 49.3%; researchers 56.1%), “not acceptable for any purpose” (laypeople 45.8%; researchers 40.8%), and “acceptable for any purpose” (laypeople 5.0%; researchers 3.1%). In an additional question for those who answered “acceptable depending on the purpose, ” laypeople found the following purposes acceptable: infertility treatment (54.5%), treatment of life-threatening diseases (52.2%), and treatment of debilitating diseases (51.4%). Meanwhile, the degree of acceptance for enhancement purposes was 10.7, 7.9, 6.2, and 5.5% for physical, cognitive, health, and personality enhancements, respectively. In contrast, acceptance among the researchers was 94.5% and 92.7% for the treatment of life-threatening and debilitating diseases, respectively, compared with 69.1% for infertility treatment. Researchers’ acceptance for enhancement purposes was similar to that of the lay participants, with 12.7, 9.1, 10.9, and 5.5% for physical, cognitive, health, and personality enhancement, respectively. Conclusion: In the past, debates regarding the acceptability of human genome editing in clinical applications tend to focus on HGE in many countries. Society will now need to debate the acceptability of both types of human genome editing, HGE and SGE

Public attitudes in Japan toward the reproductive use of gametes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells

ヒトiPS細胞を用いた配偶子の作製と利用をめぐる日本の一般市民を対象にした調査. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-10-25.[Purpose:] To investigate the interests of the Japanese general public in the reproductive use of in vitro derived (IVD)-gametes. [Methods:] We conducted an online survey and obtained answers from 3096 respondents. [Results:] More than half of the respondents agreed with the reproductive use of IVD-gametes by infertile heterosexual married couples but disagreed with the same use by unmarried or homosexual individuals. Nearly 70.0% disagreed with the use for designing a baby. [Discussion:] In Japan at present, the use of IVD-gametes that deviate from societal values regarding reproduction and family prescribed by the conventional marriage system is unlikely to be accepted. It is also unlikely to be accepted for non-treatment purposes in reproduction

Genome editing of human embryos for research purposes: Japanese lay and expert attitudes

ヒトを対象としたゲノム編集の利用に関する調査研究. 京都大学公式プレスリリース. 2023-09-27.Capturing the lay public's opinions on genome editing of human embryos. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-10-12.Background: Multiple surveys of the general public and experts on human genome editing have been conducted. However, many focused only on editing in clinical applications, with few regarding its use for basic research. Given that genome editing for research purposes is indispensable for the realization of clinical genome editing, understanding lay attitudes toward genome editing in research, particularly using human embryos, which is likely to provoke ethical concerns, is helpful for future societal discussion. Methods: An online survey was conducted with Japanese laypeople and researchers to ascertain their views regarding human genome editing for research purposes. Participants were queried about their acceptance as a function of the target of genome editing (germ cells, surplus IVF embryos, research embryos, somatic cells); then, those who answered “acceptable depending on the purpose” were asked about their acceptance in the context of specific research purposes of genome editing. Participants were also asked about their expectations and concerns regarding human genome editing. Results: Replies were obtained from 4, 424 laypeople and 98 researchers. Approximately 28.2–36.9% of the laypeople exhibited strong resistance to genome editing for research purposes regardless of their applications. In contrast, 25.5% of the researchers demonstrated resistance only to genome editing in research embryos; this percentage was substantially higher than those concerning the other three targets (5.1–9.2%). Approximately 50.4–63.4% of laypeople who answered “acceptable depending on the purpose” approved germline genome editing for disease research; however, only 39.3–42.8% approved genome editing in basic research to obtain biological knowledge. In contrast, the researchers displayed a lower degree of acceptance of germline genome editing for research purposes related to chronic diseases (60.9–66.7%) than for other research purposes (73.6–90.8%). Analysis of responses concerning expectations and concerns indicated that laypeople who would not accept genome editing of human embryos did not necessarily worry about “instrumentalization of the embryo.” They also had substantially low expectations for recognized advantages of genome editing, including “advances in science” and “reduction of intractable diseases, ” compared with other groups of respondents. Conclusion: The assumptions shared among experts in conventional bioethical debates and policy discussions on human genome editing are not self-evident to laypeople

Human genome editing in clinical applications: Japanese lay and expert attitudes

Background: The world’s first gene-edited babies, reported by the Chinese scientist He Jiankui, prompted an outcry of criticism and concerns worldwide over the use of genome editing for reproductive purposes. Many countries and academic associations opposed to heritable genome editing (HGE) called for public discussion involving various stakeholders. To hold a discussion of this nature and form a consensus concerning HGE, we must understand under what conditions stakeholders consider HGE acceptable and the reasons for which they deem it unacceptable.Methods: Laypeople and researchers were surveyed in May 2019. They were asked about the degree of their acceptance toward somatic genome editing (SGE) and HGE; those who answered “acceptable depending on the purpose” were queried further regarding their acceptance in the contexts of specific clinical purposes.Results: Responses were obtained from 4,424 laypeople and 98 researchers. The percentage of respondents choosing each option in attitudes to HGE was, from largest to smallest: “acceptable depending on purpose” (laypeople 49.3%; researchers 56.1%), “not acceptable for any purpose” (laypeople 45.8%; researchers 40.8%), and “acceptable for any purpose” (laypeople 5.0%; researchers 3.1%). In an additional question for those who answered “acceptable depending on the purpose,” laypeople found the following purposes acceptable: infertility treatment (54.5%), treatment of life-threatening diseases (52.2%), and treatment of debilitating diseases (51.4%). Meanwhile, the degree of acceptance for enhancement purposes was 10.7, 7.9, 6.2, and 5.5% for physical, cognitive, health, and personality enhancements, respectively. In contrast, acceptance among the researchers was 94.5% and 92.7% for the treatment of life-threatening and debilitating diseases, respectively, compared with 69.1% for infertility treatment. Researchers’ acceptance for enhancement purposes was similar to that of the lay participants, with 12.7, 9.1, 10.9, and 5.5% for physical, cognitive, health, and personality enhancement, respectively.Conclusion: In the past, debates regarding the acceptability of human genome editing in clinical applications tend to focus on HGE in many countries. Society will now need to debate the acceptability of both types of human genome editing, HGE and SGE

幼稚園児の歩行行動に影響を及ぼす諸変数について

Three studies examined the relations between the walking behavior of kindergarten children and some variables （i. e. , formation of arch of foot, duration of balance on one leg, developmental conditions in early years）. In study Ⅰ, it was investigated whether the formations of arches of feet correlated to the number of steps of children in the kindergarten. But no relationship was found in contrast with the results of the previous studies. The result of study Ⅱ, in which the duration of balance on one leg for all children was measured, didn’t show any evidence that the duration of balance correlated to the number of steps of children. In study Ⅲ, 6 developmental conditions in early years as variables affecting the walking behavior of children were investigated. However, they had no evident relation to the number of steps. The results of these three studies showed the necessity of closer reexamination of the variables affecting the walking behavior of kindergarten children

パソコン通信によるオンライン情報検索の実際 : 個人研究室を巨大情報図書館にする

Large personal-computer networks offer various services such as electronic mai1, electronic bulletin boards and on-line shopping. Among those services, the most useful service for researchers is the data base service. By connecting the phone lines of private laboratories to domestic/overseas data bases, researchers can get necessary information when it is needed. This study presented some examples of on-line information retrieval (i. e., retrieval of newspaper articles, people, book, and research articles) and its usefulness was discussed