29 research outputs found
Effets de la disponibilitĂ© potentielle en nids et en nourriture sur lâabondance du Grand Polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus) en forĂȘt borĂ©ale mixte de lâest du Canada
Le Grand Polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus) est un rongeur arboricole et cavicole associĂ© aux gros arbres et aux vieilles forĂȘts non perturbĂ©es. Cette espĂšce est considĂ©rĂ©e non seulement comme une espĂšce clĂ© des forĂȘts de conifĂšres, mais Ă©galement comme une espĂšce indicatrice dâamĂ©nagement durable en AmĂ©rique du Nord. Les rĂ©sultats dâune Ă©tude de 2008 ont cependant montrĂ© que la disponibilitĂ© en cavitĂ©s ne semblait pas limiter la prĂ©sence de lâespĂšce en forĂȘt borĂ©ale quĂ©bĂ©coise. Nous avons donc rĂ©alisĂ© une expĂ©rience dans laquelle nous avons ajoutĂ© des cavitĂ©s artificielles (nichoirs) sur la moitiĂ© des sites Ă©tudiĂ©s en 2008 (n=56), afin de dĂ©terminer par piĂ©geage, 4 ans plus tard, si la disponibilitĂ© de cette ressource influence lâabondance locale de lâespĂšce ainsi que la dynamique de ses populations. Nous supposons que 1) lâabondance initiale augmente selon la disponibilitĂ© potentielle en nourriture (mesurĂ©e par la surface terriĂšre de conifĂšres) et en cavitĂ©s (mesurĂ©e par la surface terriĂšre de chicots) ; 2) lâajout de nichoirs aura une influence positive sur le taux de recrutement et la survie apparente des polatouches et que 3) lâeffet de lâajout de nichoirs dĂ©pendra de la disponibilitĂ© naturelle en nourriture et en cavitĂ©s sur chaque site. En prenant en compte lâeffet de lâannĂ©e, des prĂ©cipitations et de la hauteur des piĂšges sur la probabilitĂ© de dĂ©tection, nous avons analysĂ© les donnĂ©es selon des modĂšles N-mĂ©langĂ©s (N-mixture model). Lâabondance initiale est influencĂ©e par la disponibilitĂ© en nourriture mais pas par la disponibilitĂ© en cavitĂ©s. De plus, ni lâajout de nichoirs, ni les caractĂ©ristiques des sites nâexpliquent lâabondance des populations de polatouches aprĂšs lâajout de nichoirs, bien que tous les sites non occupĂ©s en 2008 sauf un aient Ă©tĂ© colonisĂ©s en 2012. Nos rĂ©sultats confirment lâaspect opportuniste de lâespĂšce et suggĂšrent que le Grand polatouche nâest peut ĂȘtre pas une bonne espĂšce indicatrice de vieilles forĂȘts dans nos forĂȘts borĂ©ales mixtes
Ătude de gĂšnes suicides et de promĂ©dicaments pour la thĂ©rapie gĂ©nique du cancer
ThÚse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal
DĂ©termination de l'importance des cavitĂ©s en pĂ©riode hivernale et utilisation de l'habitat par le Grand Polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus) en forĂȘt borĂ©ale mixte de l'Est du Canada
Depuis l'adoption en 2001 d'une nouvelle loi sur les forĂȘts souscrivant aux principes de dĂ©veloppement durable, le maintien de la biodiversitĂ© est devenu un enjeu de poids pour l'amĂ©nagement forestier au QuĂ©bec. Pour atteindre cet objectif, certains auteurs suggĂšrent de conserver les cavitĂ©s qui constituent une ressource faunique importante autour de laquelle interagissent les pics, certains oiseaux forestiers et d'autres petits mammifĂšres tels que le Grand Polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus). Ce dernier est un rongeur arboricole nocturne qui utilise les cavitĂ©s comme refuge diurne et site de mise bas, et pour lequel l'utilisation de l'habitat est peu connue en forĂȘt borĂ©ale de l'est du Canada. Puisque les cavitĂ©s sont souvent peu disponibles en forĂȘt borĂ©ale et qu'elles pourraient offrir une isolation thermique supĂ©rieure Ă celle d'autres types de nids, les cavitĂ©s ont le potentiel de limiter la prĂ©sence du Grand Polatouche dans un climat rigoureux. L'objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer si les cavitĂ©s affectent l'utilisation de l'habitat par le Grand Polatouche et de dĂ©crire les caractĂ©ristiques des nids utilisĂ©s en pĂ©riode hivernale. En forĂȘt borĂ©ale, puisque la majoritĂ© des cavitĂ©s sont excavĂ©es dans le Peuplier faux-tremble (Populus tremuloides), nos hypothĂšses Ă©taient que le Grand Polatouche utiliserait les forĂȘts matures de feuillus et qu'il Ă©viterait les milieux ouverts qui nuisent Ă sa dispersion. Aussi, le Grand Polatouche occuperait les sites avec une plus grande disponibilitĂ© de cavitĂ©s et il prĂ©fĂšrerait les cavitĂ©s comme refuge en pĂ©riode froide. Nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© les facteurs d'habitat qui influençaient l'occupation de site et les facteurs climatiques qui affectaient la probabilitĂ© de dĂ©tection de l'espĂšce Ă diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales. D'abord, nous avons visitĂ© 149 paires de nichoirs Ă l'hiver 2008 et utilisĂ© un SIG pour extraire des variables de composition du paysage Ă partir des cartes Ă©coforestiĂšres. Ensuite, nous avons piĂ©gĂ© 59 sites feuillus reprĂ©sentant un gradient de disponibilitĂ© de cavitĂ©s Ă l'automne 2008 et Ă©chantillonnĂ© ces peuplements pour quantifier les variables d'habitat susceptibles d'influencer l'occupation de site par le Grand Polatouche. Finalement, 46 individus parmi les 85 individus capturĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© suivis par tĂ©lĂ©mĂ©trie entre septembre 2008 et juin 2009 afin d'identifier leurs refuges diurnes, et de tester l'effet de la tempĂ©rature sur leur sĂ©lection. Les rĂ©sultats supportent partiellement nos hypothĂšses. Ă l'Ă©chelle du paysage, le Grand Polatouche Ă©vite les forĂȘts de conifĂšres et ne semble pas ĂȘtre influencĂ© par la proportion de forĂȘt mature ou de milieux ouverts. De plus, Ă l'Ă©chelle du peuplement, il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ© dans 58% des sites Ă©chantillonnĂ©s dominĂ©s par le Peuplier faux-tremble. Par contre, la disponibilitĂ© de cavitĂ©s n'influence pas l'occupation de sites par le Grand Polatouche. Ă l'Ă©chelle du nid, les localisations tĂ©lĂ©mĂ©triques montrent qu'en pĂ©riode hivernale les femelles utilisent principalement les nids au sol (44%) alors que les mĂąles semblent sĂ©lectionner surtout les nids externes (57%). Lorsque la tempĂ©rature diminue, les femelles comme les mĂąles Ă©vitent les cavitĂ©s, leur prĂ©fĂ©rant respectivement les nids au sol et les nids externes. Les rĂ©sultats confirment que les forĂȘts de feuillus sont importantes pour le Grand Polatouche en forĂȘt borĂ©ale de l'est du Canada. De plus, bien que les cavitĂ©s soient utilisĂ©es par le Grand Polatouche, celles-ci ne semblent pas reprĂ©senter un facteur limitant l'espĂšce en pĂ©riode froide. \ud
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MOTS-CLĂS DE LâAUTEUR : Glaucomys sabrinus, nid, climat froid, tĂ©lĂ©mĂ©trie et occupation de site
Using dynamicN-mixture models to test cavity limitation on northern flying squirrel demographic parameters using experimental nest box supplementation
Dynamic N-mixture models have been recently developed to estimate demographic parameters of unmarked individuals while accounting for imperfect detection. We propose an application of the Dail and Madsen (2011: Biometrics, 67, 577â587) dynamic N-mixture model in a manipulative experiment using a before-after control-impact design (BACI). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis of cavity limitation of a cavity specialist species, the northern flying squirrel, using nest box supplementation on half of 56 trapping sites. Our main purpose was to evaluate the impact of an increase in cavity availability on flying squirrel population dynamics in deciduous stands in northwestern Quebec with the dynamic N-mixture model. We compared abundance estimates from this recent approach with those from classic captureâmarkârecapture models and generalized linear models. We compared apparent survival estimates with those from CormackâJollyâSeber (CJS) models. Average recruitment rate was 6 individuals per site after 4 years. Nevertheless, we found no effect of cavity supplementation on apparent survival and recruitment rates of flying squirrels. Contrary to our expectations, initial abundance was not affected by conifer basal area (food availability) and was negatively affected by snag basal area (cavity availability). Northern flying
squirrel population dynamics are not influenced by cavity availability at our deciduous sites. Consequently, we suggest that this species should not be considered an indicator of old forest attributes in our study area, especially in view of apparent wide population fluctuations across years. Abundance estimates from N-mixture models were similar to those from captureâmarkârecapture models, although the latter had greater precision. Generalized linear mixed models produced lower abundance estimates, but revealed the same relationship between abundance and snag basal area. Apparent survival estimates from N-mixture models were higher and less precise than those from CJS models. However, N-mixture models can be particularly useful to evaluate management effects on animal populations, especially for species that are difficult to detect in situations where individuals cannot be uniquely identified. They also allow investigating the effects of covariates at the site level, when low recapture rates would require restricting classic CMR analyses to a subset of sites with the most captures
Assessment of Estrogenic Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Actions in the Brain Using in Vivo Somatic Gene Transfer
Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals abnormally stimulate vitellogenin gene expression and production in the liver of many male aquatic vertebrates. However, very few studies demonstrate the effects of estrogenic pollutants on brain function. We have used polyethylenimine-mediated in vivo somatic gene transfer to introduce an estrogen response elementâthymidine kinaseâluciferase (ERE-TK-LUC) construct into the brain. To determine if waterborne estrogenic chemicals modulate gene transcription in the brain, we injected the estrogen-sensitive construct into the brains of Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 54 Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Both ethinylestradiol (EE2; p < 0.002) and bisphenol A (BPA; p < 0.03) increased luciferase activity by 1.9- and 1.5-fold, respectively. In contrast, low physiologic levels of 17ÎČ-estradiol had no effect (p > 0.05). The mixed antagonist/agonist tamoxifen was estrogenic in vivo and increased (p < 0.003) luciferase activity in the tadpole brain by 2.3-fold. There have been no previous reports of somatic gene transfer to the fish brain; therefore, it was necessary to optimize injection and transfection conditions for the adult goldfish (Carassius auratus). Following third brain ventricle injection of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-green fluorescent protein or CMV-LUC gene constructs, we established that cells in the telencephalon and optic tectum are transfected. Optimal transfections were achieved with 1 ÎŒg DNA complexed with 18 nmol 22 kDa polyethylenimine 4 days after brain injections. Exposure to EE2 increased brain luciferase activity by 2-fold in males (p < 0.05) but not in females. Activation of an ERE-dependent luciferase reporter gene in both tadpole and fish indicates that waterborne estrogens can directly modulate transcription of estrogen-responsive genes in the brain. We provide a method adaptable to aquatic organisms to study the direct regulation of estrogen-responsive genes in vivo
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Evaluating consistency between total column CO2 retrievals from OCO-2 and the in situ network over North America: implications for carbon flux estimation
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Feedbacks between the climate system and the carbon cycle represent a key source of uncertainty in model projections of Earth's climate, in part due to our inability to directly measure large-scale biosphere–atmosphere carbon fluxes. In situ measurements of the CO2 mole fraction from surface flasks, towers, and aircraft are used in inverse models to infer fluxes, but measurement networks remain sparse, with limited or no coverage over large parts of the planet. Satellite retrievals of total column CO2 (XCO2), such as those from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), can potentially provide unprecedented global information about CO2 spatiotemporal variability. However, for use in inverse modeling, data need to be extremely stable, highly precise, and unbiased to distinguish abundance changes emanating from surface fluxes from those associated with variability in weather. Systematic errors in XCO2 have been identified and, while bias correction algorithms are applied globally, inconsistencies persist at regional and smaller scales that may complicate or confound flux estimation. To evaluate XCO2 retrievals and assess potential biases, we compare OCO-2 v10 retrievals with in situ data-constrained XCO2 simulations over North America estimated using surface fluxes and boundary conditions optimized with observations that are rigorously calibrated relative to the World Meteorological Organization X2007 CO2 scale. Systematic errors in simulated atmospheric transport are independently evaluated using unassimilated aircraft and AirCore profiles. We find that the global OCO-2 v10 bias correction shifts the distribution of retrievals closer to the simulated XCO2, as intended. Comparisons between bias-corrected and simulated XCO2 reveal differences that vary seasonally. Importantly, the difference between simulations and retrievals is of the same magnitude as the imprint of recent surface flux in the total column. This work demonstrates that systematic errors in OCO-2 v10 retrievals of XCO2 over land can be large enough to confound reliable surface flux estimation and that further improvements in retrieval and bias correction techniques are essential. Finally, we show that independent observations, especially vertical profile data, such as those from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration aircraft and AirCore programs are critical for evaluating errors in both satellite retrievals and carbon cycle models.</p
Découvertes récentes sur la fonction et la plasticité des voies dopaminergiques du cerveau
Bien que la dopamine ait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte il y a plus de 50 ans, lâĂ©tendue des connaissances sur ses fonctions physiologiques et sur ses dĂ©rĂšglements pathologiques demeure restreinte. Des travaux rĂ©cents ont levĂ© le voile sur de nouvelles et surprenantes propriĂ©tĂ©s des neurones Ă dopamine, ainsi que sur celles dâautres partenaires de la rĂ©gulation du systĂšme dopaminergique. Par exemple, on a observĂ© que lâintĂ©gration du signal de la dopamine par ses rĂ©cepteurs dĂ©pend de plusieurs protĂ©ines engagĂ©es dans diverses cascades de signalisation. On a remarquĂ© quâelle dĂ©pend aussi dâautres types de rĂ©cepteurs qui interagissent fonctionnellement avec les rĂ©cepteurs Ă dopamine. De plus, nous constatons graduellement que le traitement Ă long terme de certaines maladies Ă lâaide de nombreux mĂ©dicaments qui agissent sur le systĂšme dopaminergique entraĂźne Ă la longue des adaptations dâordre fonctionnel, structurel et molĂ©culaire au sein de ce systĂšme. Ces nouvelles observations pourraient aider Ă dĂ©celer de nouvelles cibles thĂ©rapeutiques. Enfin, la dĂ©couverte de la co-libĂ©ration du glutamate par les neurones Ă dopamine nous amĂšne Ă reconsidĂ©rer certains aspects de la physiologie fondamentale de ces neurones
Care with Dignity: Understanding How to Care for HIV Positive and Formerly Incarcerated Populations
Philadelphia FIGHT is a comprehensive HIV/AIDS service organization providing primary care, consumer education, advocacy, and research on potential treatments and vaccines. FIGHT was formed as a partnership of individuals living with HIV/AIDS and clinicians, who joined together to improve the lives of people living with the disease. Today, FIGHT serves an even broader patient population and recently received designation as a Federally Qualified Health Center. FIGHT strives to address not only HIV-infected patients, but all at-risk populations through education, outreach, and preventative medicine. The annual Bridging the Gaps interns are responsible for several projects, including a client satisfaction survey, a âFaces of FIGHTâ client portrait project, and this year, a project on incarceration health for FIGHTâs new HIV-negative clinic, the John Bell Health Center
Data from: Using dynamic N-mixture models to test cavity limitation on northern flying squirrel demographic parameters using experimental nest box supplementation.
1. Dynamic N-mixture models have been recently developed to estimate demographic parameters of unmarked individuals while accounting for imperfect detection. 2. We propose an application of the Dail and Madsen (2011: Biometrics, 67, 577-587) dynamic N-mixture model in a manipulative experiment using a before-after control-impact design (BACI). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis of cavity limitation of a cavity specialist species, the northern flying squirrel, using nest box supplementation on half of 56 trapping sites. Our main purpose was to evaluate the impact of an increase in cavity availability on flying squirrel population dynamics in deciduous stands in northwestern Québec with the dynamic N-mixture model. We compared abundance estimates from this recent approach with those from classic capture-mark-recapture models and generalized linear models. We compared apparent survival estimates with those from Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) models. 3. Average recruitment rate was 6 individuals per site after 4 years. Nevertheless, we found no effect of cavity supplementation on apparent survival and recruitment rates of flying squirrels. Contrary to our expectations, initial abundance was not affected by conifer basal area (food availability) and was negatively affected by snag basal area (cavity availability). 4. Northern flying squirrel population dynamics are not influenced by cavity availability at our deciduous sites. Consequently, we suggest that this species should not be considered an indicator of old forest attributes in our study area, especially in view of apparent wide population fluctuations across years. 5. Abundance estimates from N-mixture models were similar to those from capture-mark-recapture models, although the latter had greater precision. Generalized linear mixed models produced lower abundance estimates, but revealed the same relationship between abundance and snag basal area. Apparent survival estimates from N-mixture models were higher and less precise than those from CJS models. However, N-mixture models can be particularly useful to evaluate management effects on animal populations, especially for species that are difficult to detect in situations where individuals cannot be uniquely identified. They also allow investigating the effects of covariates at the site level, when low recapture rates would require restricting classic CMR analyses to a subset of sites with the most captures