23 research outputs found
Tools to Characterize Point Patterns: dbmss for R
The dbmss package for R provides an easy-to-use toolbox to characterize the spatial structure of point patterns. Our contribution presents the state of the art of distance-based methods employed in economic geography and which are also used in ecology. Topographic functions such as Ripley's K, absolute functions such as Duranton and Overman's Kd and relative functions such as Marcon and Puech's M are implemented. Their confidence envelopes (including global ones) and tests against counterfactuals are included in the package
Characterizing the Relative Spatial Structure of Point Patterns
We generalize Ripleyâs K function to get a new function, M, to characterize the spatial structure of a point pattern relatively to another one. We show that this new approach is pertinent in ecology when space is not homogenous and the size of objects matters. We present how to use the function and test the data against the null hypothesis of independence between points. In a tropical tree data set we detect intraspecific aggregation and interspecific competition
Dynamique spatiale de Vouacapoua americana (Aublet), arbre de forĂȘt tropicale humide Ă rĂ©partition agrĂ©gĂ©e
De nombreux arbres de forĂȘts tropicales prĂ©sentent des rĂ©partitions spatiales agrĂ©gĂ©es dont le dĂ©terminisme et la dynamique soulĂšvent de multiples questions touchant le fonctionnement global de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes. Le Wacapou (Vouacapoua americana Aublet), espĂšce climacique de forĂȘt tropicale humide de Guyane, prĂ©sente une rĂ©partition spatiale agrĂ©gĂ©e complexe. L'Ă©tude de la dynamique spatiale de l'espĂšce a Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©e au niveau populationnel, sur trois sites en forĂȘt naturelle et pour des Ă©chelles allant jusqu'Ă 1 km. Les relations spatiales entre les individus Ă diffĂ©rents stades du cycle de vie ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es au moyen de mĂ©thodes basĂ©es sur les processus ponctuels, notamment la mĂ©thode de Ripley et ses dĂ©rivĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une inhibition de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration pour de fortes densitĂ©s d'adultes. La dissĂ©mination de l'espĂšce s'effectuant Ă courte distance, le recrutement est limitĂ© aux bordures des agrĂ©gats qui apparaissent comme une juxtaposition de pseudo-cohortes. Des dissĂ©minations rares Ă longues distances, permettant la mise en place de nouveaux agrĂ©gats, occupent aussi une place importante dans la stratĂ©gie de colonisation de l'espĂšce. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
Dynamique spatiale de Vouacapoua americana (Aublet), arbre de forĂȘt tropicale humide Ă rĂ©partition agrĂ©gĂ©e
De nombreux arbres de forĂȘts tropicales prĂ©sentent des rĂ©partitions spatiales agrĂ©gĂ©es dont le dĂ©terminisme et la dynamique soulĂšvent de multiples questions touchant le fonctionnement global de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes. Le Wacapou (Vouacapoua americana Aublet), espĂšce climacique de forĂȘt tropicale humide de Guyane, prĂ©sente une rĂ©partition spatiale agrĂ©gĂ©e complexe. L'Ă©tude de la dynamique spatiale de l'espĂšce a Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©e au niveau populationnel, sur trois sites en forĂȘt naturelle et pour des Ă©chelles allant jusqu'Ă 1 km. Les relations spatiales entre les individus Ă diffĂ©rents stades du cycle de vie ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es au moyen de mĂ©thodes basĂ©es sur les processus ponctuels, notamment la mĂ©thode de Ripley et ses dĂ©rivĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une inhibition de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration pour de fortes densitĂ©s d'adultes. La dissĂ©mination de l'espĂšce s'effectuant Ă courte distance, le recrutement est limitĂ© aux bordures des agrĂ©gats qui apparaissent comme une juxtaposition de pseudo-cohortes. Des dissĂ©minations rares Ă longues distances, permettant la mise en place de nouveaux agrĂ©gats, occupent aussi une place importante dans la stratĂ©gie de colonisation de l'espĂšce.LYON1-BU.Sciences (692662101) / SudocSudocFranceF
Sylviculture pour la production de bois dâĆuvre des forĂȘts du nord de la Guyane "Etat des connaissances et recommandations"
GuideLa mise en place de la gestion forestiĂšre en Guyane est trĂšs rĂ©cente: ce nâest quâĂ partir de 1990 et de la prise de conscience consĂ©cutive Ă la confĂ©rence de Rio quâune vĂ©ritable politique de gestion et de valorisation de la forĂȘt guyanaise est entreprise par lâONF sous la commande de lâEtat. Depuis ses dĂ©buts, cet effort portĂ© par les gestionnaires forestiers publics a Ă©tĂ© accompagnĂ© par toute la communautĂ© scientifique guyanaise sous lâĂ©gide dâun groupement dâintĂ©rĂȘt scientifique focalisĂ© sur le milieu forestier : le GIS SILVOLAB, aujourdâhui Ă©largi aux autres disciplines sous le nom dâIRISTA. Les dĂ©veloppements mĂ©thodologiques rĂ©alisĂ©s depuis 1994 avec la communautĂ© scientifique ont dĂ©jĂ permis la rĂ©daction dâun guide pratique dâamĂ©nagement spĂ©cifique Ă la Guyane (ONF mars 2009). AprĂšs plus de 20 ans de recherche (ce qui Ă lâĂ©chelle du pas de temps forestier est trĂšs peu), il demeure un manque de connaissances sur le fonctionnement de la forĂȘt dense tropicale humide et plus particuliĂšrement sur les effets du milieu sur la distribution des espĂšces et la dynamique du peuplement. En attendant que la recherche apporte des rĂ©ponses aux questions qui restent posĂ©es, ce sont aujourdâhui les connaissances acquises en Ă©cologie des communautĂ©s et des populations avec nos partenaires de lâUMR Ecofog (regroupement dâAgroParisTech, de lâINRA, du CIRAD, du CNRS et lâUniversitĂ© des Antilles et de la Guyane) qui permettent la rĂ©daction de ce premier guide sylvicole applicable aux forĂȘts guyanaises. Le programme BGF «BiodiversitĂ© et Gestion ForestiĂšre» financĂ© par le MinistĂšre chargĂ© de lâEnvironnement sur lâappel Ă projet ECOFOR (2006) a particuliĂšrement contribuĂ© Ă la rĂ©flexion engagĂ©e pour ce document, de mĂȘme que les travaux de fonds engagĂ©s depuis de nombreuses annĂ©es par le CIRAD sur le site de Paracou et par lâONF sur les forĂȘts pilotes de Risquetout et dâOrganabo (rĂ©seau de placettes permanentes GUYAFOR). Le programme DYGEPOP, financĂ© plus rĂ©cemment par lâUnion EuropĂ©enne (PO-FEDER) a permis de complĂ©ter et synthĂ©tiser ces rĂ©sultats pour aboutir Ă la rĂ©daction de ce guide. Le prĂ©sent guide de sylviculture a pour objectif de synthĂ©tiser lâensemble des connaissances scientifiques acquises au cours de ces derniĂšres annĂ©es concernant lâĂ©cologie des forĂȘts guyanaises et leurs applications en termes de rĂšgles sylvicoles. Le guide sâaccompagne dâannexes donnant des descriptifs prĂ©cis des dispositifs scientifiques dont sont tirĂ©s ces rĂ©sultats, ainsi quâune revue bibliographique exhaustive des Ă©tudes exploitĂ©es pour asseoir ces premiĂšres bases sylvicoles qui restent Ă©videmment largement amĂ©liorables. En complĂ©ment de ce guide, sera rĂ©digĂ©e, une note dâapplication rĂ©gionale qui constituera une dĂ©clinaison opĂ©rationnelle des actions Ă mettre en Ćuvre qui viendra complĂ©ter ou modifier les diffĂ©rents processus. Nous tenons Ă prĂ©ciser ici que ce document ne concerne que la sylviculture pour le bois dâĆuvre. Lâexploitation de bois Ă©nergie constitue en soi un changement dâobjectif qui amĂšne des prĂ©conisations diffĂ©rentes notamment dans le choix des tiges et dans le niveau de prĂ©lĂšvements et fera lâobjet en temps et en heure dâun document spĂ©cifique
Data from: Molecular divergence in tropical tree populations occupying environmental mosaics
Unveiling the genetic basis of local adaptation to environmental variation is a major goal in molecular ecology. In rugged landscapes characterised by environmental mosaics, living populations and communities can experience steep ecological gradients over very short geographical distances. In lowland tropical forests, interspecific divergence in edaphic specialization (for seasonally flooded bottomlands and seasonally dry terra firme soils) has been proven by ecological studies on adaptive traits. Some species are nevertheless capable of covering the entire span of the gradient; intraspecific variation for adaptation to contrasting conditions may explain the distribution of such ecological generalists. We investigated whether local divergence happens at small spatial scales in two stands of Eperua falcata (Fabaceae), a widespread tree species of the Guiana Shield. We investigated SNP and sequence divergence as well as spatial genetic structure (SGS) at four genes putatively involved in stress response and three genes with unknown function. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among sub-populations within stands, and eight SNP loci showed patterns compatible with disruptive selection. SGS analysis showed genetic turnover along the gradients at three loci, and at least one haplotype was found to be in repulsion with one habitat. Taken together, these results suggest genetic differentiation at small spatial scale in spite of gene flow. We hypothesize that heterogeneous environments may cause molecular divergence, possibly associated to local adaptation in E. falcata
Population genetic structure and demographic history of the timber tree Dicorynia guianensis in French Guiana
International audienceTropical rainforests host exceptional biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services, but they are facing anthropogenic and climatic threats. Preserving the genetic diversity of forest tree populations is essential for their capacity to adapt and exhibit resilience to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures. Here, we collected conservation genetic base line information for the heavily exploited timber tree Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Fabaceae) at the regional and local levels in French Guiana. Based on genotyping at five microsatellite loci in 1566 individuals collected in 23 forest locations,we documented the genetic differentiation of locations from the West of French Guiana and identified distinctive genetic diversity patterns with higher genetic diversity and some bottlenecked sites in the East and inland. The regional populationgenetic structure is likely the result of past population isolation in distinct Pleistocene refuges and different demographic histories potentially influenced by Holocene drought periods or palaeofires. Assessment of spatial genetic structure (Sp from 0 to 0.028) in five intensively sampled locations yielded estimates of Wrightâs neighborhood size of 35 to 313, indicative of restricted dispersal and local metapopulation dynamics, and useful as baseline information to assess the effects of selective logging for conservation management. These results support the current management strategies with low impact extraction of D. guianensis in three zones of the French Guiana permanent forest domain and allow us to make recommendations for further research and management to best preserve its genetic diversity and adaptive potential
Prospective carbon balance of the wood sector in a tropical forest territory using a temporally-explicit model
International audienceSelective logging in tropical forests is often perceived as a source of forest degradation and carbon emissions. Improved practices, such as reduced-impact logging (RIL), and alternative timber production strategies (e.g. plantations) can drastically change the overall carbon impact of the wood production sector. Assessing the carbon balance of timber production is crucial but highly dependent on methodological approaches, especially regarding system boundaries and temporality. We developed a temporally-explicit and territory scale model of carbon balance calibrated with long-term local data using Bayesian inference. The model accounts for carbon fluxes from selective logging in natural forest, timber plantation, first transformation and avoided emissions through energy substitution. We used it to compare prospective scenarios of development for the wood sector in French Guiana. Results show that intensification of practices, through increased logging intensity conducted with RIL and establishment of timber plantations, are promising development strategies to reduce the carbon emissions of the French-Guianese wood sector, as well as the area needed for wood production and hence the pressure on natural forests. By reducing logging damage by nearly 50%, RIL allows increasing logging intensity in natural forest from 20 m 3 ha â 1 to 30 m 3 ha â 1 without affecting the carbon balance. The use of logging byproducts as fuelwood also improved the carbon balance of selective logging, when substituted to fossil fuel. Allocating less than 30 000 ha to plantation would allow producing 200 000 m 3 of timber annually, while the same production in natural forest would imply logging more than 400 000 ha over 60 years. Timber plantation should be preferentially established on non-forested lands, as converting natural forests to plantation leads to high carbon emission peak over the first three decades. We recommend a mixed-strategy combining selective logging in natural forests and plantations as a way to improve long-term carbon balance while reducing short-term emissions. This strategy can reduce the pressure on natural forests while mitigating the risks of changing practices and allowing a diversified source of timber for a diversity of uses. It requires adaptation of the wood sector and development of technical guidelines. Research and monitoring efforts are also needed to assess the impacts of changing practices on other ecosystem services, especially biodiversity conservation
Prospective carbon balance of the wood sector in a tropical forest territory using a temporally-explicit model
International audienceSelective logging in tropical forests is often perceived as a source of forest degradation and carbon emissions. Improved practices, such as reduced-impact logging (RIL), and alternative timber production strategies (e.g. plantations) can drastically change the overall carbon impact of the wood production sector. Assessing the carbon balance of timber production is crucial but highly dependent on methodological approaches, especially regarding system boundaries and temporality. We developed a temporally-explicit and territory scale model of carbon balance calibrated with long-term local data using Bayesian inference. The model accounts for carbon fluxes from selective logging in natural forest, timber plantation, first transformation and avoided emissions through energy substitution. We used it to compare prospective scenarios of development for the wood sector in French Guiana. Results show that intensification of practices, through increased logging intensity conducted with RIL and establishment of timber plantations, are promising development strategies to reduce the carbon emissions of the French-Guianese wood sector, as well as the area needed for wood production and hence the pressure on natural forests. By reducing logging damage by nearly 50%, RIL allows increasing logging intensity in natural forest from 20 m 3 ha â 1 to 30 m 3 ha â 1 without affecting the carbon balance. The use of logging byproducts as fuelwood also improved the carbon balance of selective logging, when substituted to fossil fuel. Allocating less than 30 000 ha to plantation would allow producing 200 000 m 3 of timber annually, while the same production in natural forest would imply logging more than 400 000 ha over 60 years. Timber plantation should be preferentially established on non-forested lands, as converting natural forests to plantation leads to high carbon emission peak over the first three decades. We recommend a mixed-strategy combining selective logging in natural forests and plantations as a way to improve long-term carbon balance while reducing short-term emissions. This strategy can reduce the pressure on natural forests while mitigating the risks of changing practices and allowing a diversified source of timber for a diversity of uses. It requires adaptation of the wood sector and development of technical guidelines. Research and monitoring efforts are also needed to assess the impacts of changing practices on other ecosystem services, especially biodiversity conservation