Geografía y género de la colonización agrícola

Une étude sur la colonisation agricole dans les Tropiques nous montrerait que la planification est souvent inappropiée à la culture locale. Très souvent les femmes paysannes perdent leurs droits à la propriété de la terre et l'accès à des revenus, tandis qu'elles souffrent d'un accroissement du travail et d'un grand isolement. Dans les endroits où les femmes ont eu un rôle plus important, les résultats ont été encourageants. Le sens du genre dans la colonisation agricole varie nettement d'une place à l'autre, et devrait être étudié par les géographes dans les pays riches autant que dans les pays pauvres.A study of agricultural colonization in the tropics shows us that plans are often inappropriate to local culture. Very widely, colonist women lose title to land and access to income while suffering an increased workload and severe isolation. Where women have played a more positive role, the results have been encouraging. The significance of gender in colonization varies greatly from place to place, and should be studied by geographers in rich as well as poor countries.Un estudio sobre la colonización agrícola en los Trópicos nos muestra que la planificación con frecuencia es inapropiada para la cultura local. Muy frecuentemente las mujeres campesinas pierden sus derechos a la propiedad de la tierra y el acceso a las rentas, mientras sufren un incremento de trabajo y un gran aislamiento. Allí donde las mujeres han tenido un papel más importante, los resultados han sido alentadores. El significado del género en la colonización agrícola varia en gran medida de un lugar a otro, y debería ser estudiado por los geógrafos tanto en los países ricos como en los pobres.Un estudi sobre la colonització agrícola als Tròpics ens mostra que la planificació sovint és inapropiada per a la cultura local. Molt sovint les dones pageses perden llurs drets a la propietat de la terra i l'accés a les rendes, mentre que pateixen d'un increment del treball i d'un gran aïllament. Allà on les dones han tingut un paper més important, els resultats han estat encoratjadors. El significat del gènere en la colonització agrícola varia en gran manera d'un lloc a un altre, i hauria de ser estudiat pels geògrafs tant als països rics com als pobres

Feminismo, geógrafos y geógrafas feministas y el resurgimiento de la geografía crítica

La geografía crítica tiene un papel importante en la construcción de un mundo mejor para el nuevo milenio y, posiblemente, pueda aprender algo del feminismo. Sin embargo, la institucionalización del feminismo ha significado la pérdida del proyecto político emancipador. Es necesario que la propuesta feminista recupere su interés por vincularse con la vida cotidiana, con la producción de información de base y con el trabajo cooperativo.La geografia crítica té un paper important en la construcció d'un món millor per al nou mil·lenni i, possiblement, pot aprendre alguna cosa del feminisme. Tanmateix, la institucionalització del feminisme ha significat la pèrdua del projecte polític emancipador. És necessari que la proposta feminista recuperi el seu interès per vincular-se amb la vida quotidiana, amb la producció d'informació de base i amb el treball cooperatiu.La géographie critique joue un rôle important dans la construction d'un monde meilleur pour le nouveau millenium et pourra sans doute apprendre quelque chose du féminisme. Cependant, l'institutionnalisation du féminisme a signifié la perte d'un projet politique émancipateur. Il faut que la proposition féministe recommence à s'intéresser à sa relation avec la vie quotidienne, la production d'une information de base et le travail coopératif.Critical geography has an important role in the construction of a better world for the new millennium and, possibly, it could learn much from feminism. However, feminism institutionalisation lead to the lost of the political emancipating project. It's necessary that feminism proposal recovers it interest in everyday life, in grounded research and collaborative work

Feminismo, geógrafos y geógrafas feministas y el resurgimiento de la geografía crítica

La geografía crítica tiene un papel importante en la construcción de un mundo mejor para el nuevo milenio y, posiblemente, pueda aprender algo del feminismo. Sin embargo, la institucionalización del feminismo ha significado la pérdida del proyecto político emancipador. Es necesario que la propuesta feminista recupere su interés por vincularse con la vida cotidiana, con la producción de información de base y con el trabajo cooperativo.La geografia crítica té un paper important en la construcció d'un món millor per al nou mil·lenni i, possiblement, pot aprendre alguna cosa del feminisme. Tanmateix, la institucionalització del feminisme ha significat la pèrdua del projecte polític emancipador. És necessari que la proposta feminista recuperi el seu interès per vincular-se amb la vida quotidiana, amb la producció d'informació de base i amb el treball cooperatiu.La géographie critique joue un rôle important dans la construction d'un monde meilleur pour le nouveau millenium et pourra sans doute apprendre quelque chose du féminisme. Cependant, l'institutionnalisation du féminisme a signifié la perte d'un projet politique émancipateur. Il faut que la proposition féministe recommence à s'intéresser à sa relation avec la vie quotidienne, la production d'une information de base et le travail coopératif.Critical geography has an important role in the construction of a better world for the new millennium and, possibly, it could learn much from feminism. However, feminism institutionalisation lead to the lost of the political emancipating project. It's necessary that feminism proposal recovers it interest in everyday life, in grounded research and collaborative work

Feminismos y desarrollo rural crítico, 2003

In the 21st century, the global academic community suffersfrom excessive domination by english-speaking academicswith excellent access to the mass of writing in english.Theory is crucial to us all, but in social science, writings inenglish privileges theory too much over grounded research.This is found not only in rural development, and in theauthor’s own subject of geography, but in feminism, for allits claims to be open and inclusive. Critical ruraldevelopment, which is critical of contemporary economicand political relations, can learn from the experiences ofgeography and feminism of the urgent need to engage in anew sustained collective endeavour involving many peopleworking from a variety of viewpoints in different parts ofthe world (Stanley and Wise 2000) in confronting theworld’s real problems and, as a necessary part of theprocess, in overcoming this domination.En el siglo XXI la comunidad académica mundial experimentauna enorme influencia de las y los académicosanglófonos, quienes tienen un acceso privilegiado a la vastaliteratura escrita en inglés. La teoría es crucial paranosotros y nosotras, pero en las ciencias sociales el predominiode escritos en inglés privilegia demasiado a la teoría,dejando en un lugar subalterno a la investigación sustentadaen la realidad. Este fenómeno es algo que encontramosno sólo en los estudios sobre desarrollo rural, sinotambién en el área de geografía, área que concierne a laautora, y al feminismo, aunque el feminismo tiene pretensionesde apertura e inclusión. El desarrollo rural crítico,que parte de una visión amplia de las relaciones económicasy políticas actuales, puede aprender de las experienciasde la geografía y del feminismo, en relación con lanecesidad apremiante de enfrentar un nuevo esfuerzo colectivoy sostenido, en el cual se debe involucrar a muchaspersonas que trabajen a partir de diversos puntos de vista,en distintas partes del mundo (Stanley y Wise 2000) a finde enfrentar los problemas reales del mundo y, como partenecesaria del proceso, superar la dominación excesiva dela teoría y de la perspectiva anglófona

Coreceptor affinity for MHC defines peptide specificity requirements for TCR interaction with coagonist peptide–MHC

Recent work has demonstrated that nonstimulatory endogenous peptides can enhance T cell recognition of antigen, but MHCI- and MHCII-restricted systems have generated very different results. MHCII-restricted TCRs need to interact with the nonstimulatory peptide–MHC (pMHC), showing peptide specificity for activation enhancers or coagonists. In contrast, the MHCI-restricted cells studied to date show no such peptide specificity for coagonists, suggesting that CD8 binding to noncognate MHCI is more important. Here we show how this dichotomy can be resolved by varying CD8 and TCR binding to agonist and coagonists coupled with computer simulations, and we identify two distinct mechanisms by which CD8 influences the peptide specificity of coagonism. Mechanism 1 identifies the requirement of CD8 binding to noncognate ligand and suggests a direct relationship between the magnitude of coagonism and CD8 affinity for coagonist pMHCI. Mechanism 2 describes how the affinity of CD8 for agonist pMHCI changes the requirement for specific coagonist peptides. MHCs that bind CD8 strongly were tolerant of all or most peptides as coagonists, but weaker CD8-binding MHCs required stronger TCR binding to coagonist, limiting the potential coagonist peptides. These findings in MHCI systems also explain peptide-specific coagonism in MHCII-restricted cells, as CD4–MHCII interaction is generally weaker than CD8–MHCI.National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Pioneer Awar

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

The CHEK2 Variant C.349A>G Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk and Carriers Share a Common Ancestor.

The identification of recurrent founder variants in cancer predisposing genes may have important implications for implementing cost-effective targeted genetic screening strategies. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and relative risk of the CHEK2 recurrent variant c.349A>G in a series of 462 Portuguese patients with early-onset and/or familial/hereditary prostate cancer (PrCa), as well as in the large multicentre PRACTICAL case-control study comprising 55,162 prostate cancer cases and 36,147 controls. Additionally, we investigated the potential shared ancestry of the carriers by performing identity-by-descent, haplotype and age estimation analyses using high-density SNP data from 70 variant carriers belonging to 11 different populations included in the PRACTICAL consortium. The CHEK2 missense variant c.349A>G was found significantly associated with an increased risk for PrCa (OR 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.2). A shared haplotype flanking the variant in all carriers was identified, strongly suggesting a common founder of European origin. Additionally, using two independent statistical algorithms, implemented by DMLE+2.3 and ESTIAGE, we were able to estimate the age of the variant between 2300 and 3125 years. By extending the haplotype analysis to 14 additional carrier families, a shared core haplotype was revealed among all carriers matching the conserved region previously identified in the high-density SNP analysis. These findings are consistent with CHEK2 c.349A>G being a founder variant associated with increased PrCa risk, suggesting its potential usefulness for cost-effective targeted genetic screening in PrCa families

An integrative multi-omics analysis to identify candidate DNA methylation biomarkers related to prostate cancer risk

Abstract: It remains elusive whether some of the associations identified in genome-wide association studies of prostate cancer (PrCa) may be due to regulatory effects of genetic variants on CpG sites, which may further influence expression of PrCa target genes. To search for CpG sites associated with PrCa risk, here we establish genetic models to predict methylation (N = 1,595) and conduct association analyses with PrCa risk (79,194 cases and 61,112 controls). We identify 759 CpG sites showing an association, including 15 located at novel loci. Among those 759 CpG sites, methylation of 42 is associated with expression of 28 adjacent genes. Among 22 genes, 18 show an association with PrCa risk. Overall, 25 CpG sites show consistent association directions for the methylation-gene expression-PrCa pathway. We identify DNA methylation biomarkers associated with PrCa, and our findings suggest that specific CpG sites may influence PrCa via regulating expression of candidate PrCa target genes