Development of a two zone turbulence model and its application to the cycle-simulation

The development of a two zone k-ε turbulence model for the cycle-simulation software is presented. The in-cylinder turbulent flow field of internal combustion engines plays the most important role in the combustion process. Turbulence has a strong influence on the combustion process because the convective deformation of the flame front as well as the additional transfer of the momentum, heat and mass can occur. The development and use of numerical simulation models are prompted by the high experimental costs, lack of measurement equipment and increase in computer power. In the cycle-simulation codes, multi zone models are often used for rapid and robust evaluation of key engine parameters. The extension of the single zone turbulence model to the two zone model is presented and described. Turbulence analysis was focused only on the high pressure cycle according to the assumption of the homogeneous and isotropic turbulent flow field. Specific modifications of differential equation derivatives were made in both cases (single and two zone). Validation was performed on two engine geometries for different engine speeds and loads. Results of the cyclesimulation model for the turbulent kinetic energy and the combustion progress variable are compared with the results of 3D-CFD simulations. Very good agreement between the turbulent kinetic energy during the high pressure cycle and the combustion progress variable was obtained. The two zone k-ε turbulence model showed a further progress in terms of prediction of the combustion process by using only the turbulent quantities of the unburned zone

Comparison Of The Diagnostic Value Of Computed Tomography And Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Schmorl’s Hernia In Young People

Uvod: Schmorlove hernije su često dijagnosticirane degenerativne promjene kralježaka koje se javljaju kod mladih osoba. U dijagnostici Schmorlove hernije najčešće se primjenjuju metode kompjuterizirana tomografija (CT) i magnetska rezonancija (MR). Oba modaliteta pružaju detaljne informacije o strukturi i stanju kralježaka, ali se razlikuju po principu rada i karakteristikama slike koje generiraju uz svoje prednosti i ograničenja. Materijal i metode: Istraživanje Schmorlovih hernija kod mladih osoba, s fokusom na usporedbu dijagnostičke vrijednosti kompjuterizirane tomografije i magnetske rezonancije, provedeno je u Zavodu za radiologiju Sveučilišne kliničke bolnice Mostar. Rezultati: Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je najmlađi ispitanik imao 14 godina, a najstariji 89 godina. Ispitanika mlađih od 45 godina bilo je 27 % u ukupnom broju ispitanika. U našem istraživanju bilo je više ispitanika muškog spola, njih 57 %. Znatno je više ispitanika imalo nalaz MR-a, njih 64 %, dok je ispitanika s nalazom MSCT-a bilo 36 %. Kod pretrage MSCT najčešće je nalaz Schmorlove hernije bio u torakalnoj regiji, 42 %. Za razliku od MSCT-a, kod MR-a su se pojavile diskretne promjene na pokrovnim plohama (10 %). Zaključak: Odabir između CT-a i MR-a ovisit će o kliničkim okolnostima, dostupnosti i ciljevima dijagnostičkog postupka. Važno je individualno prilagoditi dijagnostički pristup svakom pacijentu kako bi se postigla optimalna dijagnostička točnost i donijele informirane odluke o liječenju.Introduction: Schmorl’s hernias are frequently diagnosed as degenerative changes in the vertebrae that occur in young people. In the diagnosis of Schmorl’s hernia, the two most commonly used methods are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR). Both modalities provide detailed information on the structure and condition of the vertebrae, but they differ in the principle of operation and the characteristics of the image they generate with their advantages and limitations Material and methods: Research on Schmorl’s hernias in young people, with a focus on comparing the diagnostic value of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, was conducted at the Department of Radiology of the University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Results: The results of the research showed that the youngest respondent was 14 years old, and the oldest was 89 years old. Respondents under the age of 45 were a total of 27% of the total number of respondents. In our research, there were more male respondents, 57% of them. Significantly more subjects had MRI findings, 64% of them, while 36% of subjects had MSCT findings. In the MSCT examination, Schmorl’s hernia was most often found in the thoracic region, 42%. In contrast to MSCT, MR showed discrete changes in the endplates (10%). Conclusion: The choice between CT and MR will depend on the clinical circumstances, availability and goals of the diagnostic procedure. It is important to individually adapt the diagnostic approach to each patient in order to achieve optimal diagnostic accuracy and make informed treatment decisions

Spolne i dobne razlike u zdravstvenom statusu sportaša u pojedinačnim i momčadskim sportovima

Main goal of this study was to determine the differences between the athletes who are actively engaged in team vs. individual sports, stratified by age groups and sex, in BMI (Body Mass Index) and other chosen biochemical health indicators. Second goal is directed on forecasting the criterium BMI, on the base of predictors (i.e. chosen morphological and biochemical health indicators, except body height and body mass), for the athletes from team and individual sports, separately for males and females and separately for different age groups. The data were collected during routine medical examinations performed by physicians from the Polyclinic for Occupational Health and Sport in Zagreb. The database comprised medical data obtained in 2011 and 2012 from 8482 athletes in the City of Zagreb. Collected data included height, body mass , BMI, blood pressure (diastolic and systolic), heart rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and sedimentation rate. Inspecting the results, it could be concluded that more statistically significant differences in the variables in research, related to the sport type (team/individual), have been detected in male athletes (as compared with female ones). These differences are more emphasized in team than in the individual sports. More statistically significant predictors are found in males (than in females) and more in team sports. The results could be mainly discussed in terms of the differences among requests in different sports, different levels of professional sport training in certain sports, as well as in terms of sex differences in growth.Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike između sportaša koji aktivno sudjeluju u momčadskim i pojedinačnim sportovima, stratificiran po dobnim skupinama i spolu, za BMI (indeks tjelesne mase) i druge izabrane biokemijske pokazatelje zdravlja. Drugi cilj je usmjeren na predviđanje kriterija BMI, na temelju prediktora (tj. izabranih morfoloških i biokemijskih pokazatelja zdravlja, osim visine i težine tijela), za sportaše iz momčadskih i pojeidnačnih sportova, odvojeno za muškarce i žene, posebno za različite dobne grupe. Podaci su prikupljeni tijekom rutinskih medicinskih pregleda koje obavljaju liječnici iz Poliklinike za medicinu rada i sporta u Zagrebu. Baza podataka obuhvaća zdravstvene podatke dobivene u 2011. i 2012. godini od 8482 sportaša u Gradu Zagrebu. Prikupljeni podaci uključuju visinu, masu, BMI, krvni tlak (dijastolički i sistolički), puls, hemoglobin, hematokrit, leukocite, trombocite i sedimentaciju. Provjerom rezultata, može se zaključiti da je više statistički značajnih razlika u varijablama istraživanja, koje se odnose na vrstu sporta (momčadski/ pojedinačni), otkriveno kod sportaša (u usporedbi sa sportašicama). Razlike naglašenije u momčadskim nego u pojedinačnim sportovima. Više statistički značajnih prediktora pronađeno je kod sportaša nego kod sportašica, i češće u momčadskim sportovima. Rezultati se uglavnom mogu raspravljati u terminima razlika u zahtjevima u različitim sportovima, različitih razina profesionalnosti sportskog treninga u pojedinim sportovima, kao i u pogledu spolnih razlika u rastu

VAGINAL BIRTH AFTER FIVE PREVIOUS CAESAREAN SECTIONS

Zabrinjavajuće visoka učestalost carskih rezova i rizici ponovljenog zahvata opravdavaju pokušaj vaginalnog poroda nakon prethodnog carskog reza. Prikazan je uspješan vaginalni porod sedmorotkinje s teškom anemijom i ­pre­eklampsijom nakon prethodnih pet carskih rezova i jednog (prvog) vaginalnog poroda.A troubled high occurrence of cesarean sections and risks related to repeated C-sections justify an attempt to vaginal birth after prior C-section. A successful vaginal birth of a heptapara (a woman with 6 prior births) with severe anemia and preeclampsia who had 5 prior C-sections and one (first) vaginal birth is presented

Castlemanova bolest koja se prezentirala kao tumorska parakardijalna tvorba

Castleman’s disease (in the literature also known as angiofollicular hyperplasia) is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disease. Clinically, it can manifest as unicentric or multicentric disease. Unicentric disease is most often diagnosed by accident or by symptomatology resulting from compression upon the adjoining anatomical structures. Considering its lymphatic origin, tumor mass can theoretically occur in any body region. We present a case of paracardiac localization of unicentric Castleman’s disease in a previously healthy 24-year-old woman. In such clinical cases, the specific localization of the tumor and its radiological properties can pose a differential diagnostic dilemma. Correct diagnosis is only possible after complete surgical excision and histopathologic analysis, which is the optimal therapeutic approach in this disease.Castlemanova bolest (u literaturi još poznata kao angiofolikularna hiperplazija) je rijetka limfoproliferativna bolest dobroćudnog tijeka. Klinički se manifesira kao lokalizirana i multicentrična. Dijagnoza lokalizirane bolesti se najčešće postavlja slučajno nakon obrade simptomatologije uzrokovane kompresijom tvorbe na okolne anatomske strukture. S obzirom na njeno limfatičko podrijetlo tumorska masa se može pojaviti u bilo kojem dijelu tijela. Prikazujemo slučaj parakardijalno lokalizirane Castlemanove bolesti kod prethodno zdrave 24-godišnje žene. U ovakvom slučaju, zbog specifične lokalizacije i radioloških obilježja tvorba može predstavljati diferencijalno dijagnostičku dilemu. U tom slučaju točna dijagnoza je moguća tek nakon potpune kirurške ekscizije i patohistološke analize, što u slučaju ove bolesti ujedno predstavlja optimalan terapijski pristup

Adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions reported to Croatian Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices: a retrospective observational study

Aim To analyze potential and actual drug-drug interactions reported to the Spontaneous Reporting Database of the Croatian Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices (HALMED) and determine their incidence. Methods In this retrospective observational study performed from March 2005 to December 2008, we detected potential and actual drug-drug interactions using interaction programs and analyzed them. Results HALMED received 1209 reports involving at least two drugs. There were 468 (38.7%) reports on potential drug-drug interactions, 94 of which (7.8% of total reports) were actual drug-drug interactions. Among actual drugdrug interaction reports, the proportion of serious adverse drug reactions (53 out of 94) and the number of drugs (n = 4) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than among the remaining reports (580 out of 1982; n = 2, respectively). Actual drug-drug interactions most frequently involved nervous system agents (34.0%), and interactions caused by antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were in most cases serious. In only 12 out of 94 reports, actual drug-drug interactions were recognized by the reporter. Conclusion The study confirmed that the Spontaneous Reporting Database was a valuable resource for detecting actual drug-drug interactions. Also, it identified drugs leading to serious adverse drug reactions and deaths, thus indicating the areas which should be in the focus of health care educatio

Terroir of the Tri Morave wine region (Serbia) as a basis for producing wines with geographical indication

The Tri Morave wine region is the largest wine growing region in Serbia with nine vineyard regions and a total surface area of 286,929.90 ha. It includes the areas around three big rivers in Central Serbia; the wide lower basin of the Zapadna Morava River, the lower basin of the Južna Morava River and the wider upper basin of the Velika Morava River. The unique terroir of this region is reflected in the diversity of altitudes and terrain inclination that gives it its specific character and recognition and provides an excellent basis for producing wines with geographical indication. The main goal of this paper is to present all of the essential elements of terroir in this region as well as their interaction and influence on grapevines and wine production

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS OF PSYCOPHARMACS

Background: The objective of analysis of ADRs caused by drugs that pertain to the ATC group N (nervous system), as reported to the Croatian Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices for the period from March 2005 to December 2008, was to examine the types of ADRs collected in said period, the profile of reporters and the possible impacts this could have on prescribing this group of medicinal products in the future. Subjects and methods: A retrospective observational study of ADRs was performed. Drugs causing ADRs were grouped according to the ATC drug classification, and subsequently entered into a database. Data were analyzed in respect of total number, gender, age, type, seriousness, expectedness, outcome, system organ class, suspected drug and reporter. Results: The findings showed that 15% of all reported ADRs were caused by drugs from the ATC group N. 60% of these were caused by drugs belonging to the ATC subgroups N05 (psycholeptics) and N06A (antidepressants). A significant increase in the percentage of serious ADRs in the examined groups of medicinal products was observed. Analysis of expectedness showed that the share of unexpected ADRs is very high. Conclusion: The distribution of reporters is not satisfactory. The Agency, as regulatory authority, cannot undertake certain measures to improve the safe use of medicinal products without having reports. Only reporting of ADRs can result in changes to benefit all patient populations. Our joint aim should be avoiding a great number of ADRs and maintaining overall safe use of medicinal products

Clinical significance of TP53 aberrations and IGHV mutational status in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Hronična limfocitna leukemija (HLL) izuzetno je heterogena bolest varijabilnog kliničkog toka. S jedne strane imamo, pacijente sa agresivnom i rezistentnom bolešću od koje umiru svega par meseci nakon dijagnoze, dok s druge strane spektra postoje pacijenti sa indolentnom, sporo progredirajućom bolešću koja ne zahteva lečenje decenijama. Razlozi su samo delimično poznati i već su decenijama unazad tema mnogobrojnih naučnih istraživanja. Tako je razvijen koncept prognostičkih i prediktivnih faktora u HLL-u, koji imaju za cilj da predvide klinički tok, odnosno terapijski ishod HLL-a. Liste prognostičkih i prediktivnih faktora su, sa boljim poznavanjem patofiziologije ove bolesti, svakom godinom sve duže, ali se i međusobno preklapaju. U ovom revijalnom radu izabrali smo aberacije TP53 gena i mutacioni status rearanžiranih IGHV (engl. immunoglobulin heavy variable) gena kao dva najznačajnija i najproučavanija faktora koji imaju i prognostički i prediktivni značaj.Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a very heterogeneous disease with a variable clinical course. On the one side of the spectrum, there are patients with aggressive and resistant disease, of which they die only a few months after diagnosis while, on the other side, there are patients with an indolent, slowly progressive disease that does not require treatment for decades. The reasons for this are only partially known, but they have been the subject of numerous scientific studies during the last several decades. Consequently, the concept of prognostic and predictive factors in CLL have emerged, which aims to predict the clinical course and its therapeutic outcome. With the improvement of understanding the pathophysiology of this disease, the lists of prognostic and predictive factors are getting longer every year, but they also overlap. In this review, we singled out the aberrations of the TP53 gene and the IGHV (immunoglobulin heavy variable) gene mutational status as the two most important and most studied factors that have both prognostic and predictive significance

Partial Cecal Necrosis Treated by Laparoscopic Partial Cecal Resection

Acute colonic ischemia is the common cause of colitis in elderly population. However, isolated ischemic necrosis of cecum is rare entity, often associated with variety of conditions. Here we present a case of a 73-year old woman with a past history of hypertension presented with clinical symptoms of right lower quadrant abdominal pain and tenderness localized to the right lower quadrant, guarding and rebound tenderness. With diagnosis of acute appendicitis, the patient underwent laparoscopy where the cecal partial necrosis was discovered. Necrotic area of cecum was excised using two endoscopic cutters and laparoscopic appendectomy was performed. Pathologist report showed thrombosis of vessels and necrosis of entire cecal wall. The patient completely recovered without any surgical complications. This is the first case of partial cecum necrosis laparoscopicaly managed and with a partial cecal resection only