The Image of Oriental Markets in Victorian Britain <Articles>

It is difficult to say that the image of Oriental markets is well-known to us. This paper intended to clarify the image by using the articles in Quarterly Review, Edinburgh Review, Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Westminster Review. For Victorians, China was the trading Eldorado of the East. China's value as a potential market was great. So, China was opened up by the Opium Wars. But, the export trade to China did not increase in such degree as Victorians expected. At the end of the 19th century, Britain was so far from having retained a free hand in China. She was confronted by formidable Europian rivals. They began to claim ''spheres of interest". For Victorians, India was the Eldorado filled with the vast dormant wealth. And, they did not necesarily dwell on the general benefits of commerce with India. But, these expectations were not realized. In the 1880s, Victorians began to think more of how to retain their possetion of India than how to develop the immense resources of Indian Empire. The image of Oriental markets in Victorian. Britain was very simple and vague. But, the image had power to excite Victorian's imagination about the East. And, the simplicity and vagueness of the Oriental image continued to influence the British imagination

British Images of Asia in the Turn of the Century: Britannica, Reviews, Consular Reports <Symposium>

The purpose of this paper is to clarify British images of Asia, especially China and Japan in the turning point from 19th century to 20th century by using following documents; Britannica, Reviews, Consular Reports. In this paper, we focus on the industrialization of China and Japan. The images of Asia in these times were represented by "yellow peril". Economically it meant that the industrialization in Asia gave the serious threat to Western nations. As for as the data used in this paper are concerned, the reaction in Britain to the "yellow peril" wasn't conspicious. For Britain, the biggest problem was the maintenance and the defence of the empire. In this case, the relations with Europian countries were the most important. Relations with Asia which contained "yellow peril" were used to sanction the international situation and the policy of Britain, which reflected the crisis of the empire. Certainly the "yellow peril" had influence to some extent. But it was because of the fantastic image of China which emphasized its latent power combined with the real threatening power, that is Japan

Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities of Six Curcuma Rhizomes: A Possible Curcuminoid-independent Pathway Mediated by Curcuma phaeocaulis Extract

We aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory activities of six species of Curcuma drugs using adjuvant arthritis model mice. When orally administered 1 day before the injection of adjuvant, the methanol extract of Curcuma phaeocaulis significantly inhibited paw swelling and the serum haptoglobin concentration in adjuvant arthritis mice. Also when orally administered 1 day after the injection of adjuvant, the methanol extract of Curcuma phaeocaulis significantly inhibited paw swelling. Other Curcuma species (Curcuma longa, Curcuma wenyujin, Curcuma kwangsiensis, Curcuma zedoaria and Curcuma aromatica) had no significant inhibitory effects on adjuvant-induced paw swelling. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity was significantly inhibited by the methanol extract of C. phaeocaulis. Curcuminoids' (curcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin) were rich in C. longa, but less in C. phaeocaulis and C. aromatica, not in C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. zedoaria, suggesting that curcuminoids' contents do not relate to inhibition of arthritis swelling. Therefore, C. phaeocaulis may be a useful drug among Curcuma species for acute inflammation, and the active constituents of C. phaeocaulis are not curcuminoids

A British Lady and Anti-footbinding <Article>

Mrs. Archibald Little, wife of Mr. Archibald Little who was famous as an explorer of the Yangtze River, founded Tén Tsu Hui, the Natural Foot Society in April 1895. This society sent memorials and letters to all Viceroys and provincial governors and held public meetings in most of the provincial capitals and many cities. It had a large share in creating a strong public opinion against the footbinding in China. Mrs. Archibald Little was a Victorian middle class lady who was expected to limit her behaviour to narrow domestic spheres and to be an ''Angel in the House'.' In describing her activities as president of this society in China, this paper will show a British lady, who broke down the stereotype of Victorian woman and became true feminist who was neither maternal feminist nor maternal imperialist. It was the impact of the China-Orient on British that enabled her to do these activities

A World View in the Victorian England <Articles>

In 1851, the great Exhibition was opened at the Crystal Palace. In these days, it was claimed that the Exhibition was a symbol of a prodigious progress already made and the endless progress was the destined lot of the human kind. On the other hand, Free Trade had become a national dogma. That is to say, Victorians. believed that Free Trade was indispensable to Britain's prosperity. From these believes in progress and Free Trade, a very optimistic world view was deduced. Certainly, this world view is very optimistic at least within Britain. But, it included the argument about the obligation of the Britain to spread the advantages of advanced British civilization to non-european countries. In this theory, non-european countries are seen as "savage", and therefore they must accept the Western civilization. In doing so, they lose their own calture and are controlled by "cultural imperialism". Thus, the optimistic world view in Victorian era suddenly changes its optimistic face beyond the limits of Britain.本稿は昭和五九年度文部省科学研究費補助金奨励研究Aによる研究成果の一部である

The Architecture and Cultural Hegemony in the First Industrial Nation <Article>

Victorians created a new industrial world-the First Industrial Nation. But, at the same time, they were facinated with antiquarianism. The First Industrial Nation saw many buildings built with the architectural styles of the past, such as Greek and Gothic. So, it is very important to clarify the meaning and function of the past in the modern industrial world. According to M. J. Wiener, the middle class acceptance of the Gothic style marked the beginning of a yielding by its new men to the cultural hegemony of the old aristocracy. On the other hand, C. Dellheim asserts that middle class businessmen appropriated Gothic style to create pedigree for their values and legitimize their quest for hegemoney. That is to say, he says that they engineered a cultural coup. I can't agree with these interpretations. Examing the main sources, the articles in Westminster Review, Edinburgh Review, Quarterly Review and Blackwood's Magazine, I found that Victorians, recognizing the prestige of the past and the weakness of the cultural power to translate the industrial power into a distinct cultural expression, managed to reconcil "the new"-the modern industrial world and "the old"-the pre industrial, hierachical world. Within this framework of the reconciliation of "the new" with "the old", Victorians, using the architectural styles of the past, tryed to create the architecture which can satisfy "the modern needs"

The Development of British Capitalism and Free Trade Policy: Palmerston's Foreign Policy and "The Emperialism of Free Trade" <Symposium>

本稿は、一九七七年度広島史学研究会大会シンポジウム(テーマ＝「資本主義確立期の諸特質」)での報告に一部補正を加えたものである

The Development of Ideas on Free Trade in England, 1820-1846 <Articles>

Free trade is an idea for which the classical economists are famous. But, we can't state simple statements about the influence of classical economics on the free trade policy. Because, it is now generally accepted that the prevailing economic orthodoxy was an obstacle to the free trade movement (or, to its leader R. Cobden and the members of the Manchester School). They had their own ideas about free trade and reasons for adovocating it. The same is true of the landed interest. The main purpose of this essay is to trace the development of ideas on free trade in England, 1820-1846, with regard to the following problems; (1) the development of Cobden's ideas about free trade from 1830's to 1840's; (2) the impact or influence of Cobden's ideas about free trade on the businessmen and the landed interest; (3) the characteristics and roles of these three groups' (Cobden, businessmen, landed interest) ideas on free trade