Use of mangroves for aquaculture: Myanmar.

Aquaculture has only started to develop rapidly in the past few decades, due to better knowledge of culture species, improved methodologies and techniques in breeding, nutrition and increasing demand for food fish of high-value species such as shrimps, sea bass and groupers. Mangrove deforestation has an impact on shrimp culture itself, the success of the latter (when traditional culture method is used) depends on stocking of wild fry. For semi-intensive and intensive shrimp culture, the number of wild caught spawners may decrease because wild shrimp populations also use mangrove swamps as its feeding ground. Other negative effects of mangrove destruction to make way to shrimp ponds, include water pollution from pond effluents, sedimentation from the release of solid materials from pond, interruption of the tidal water flow, dwindling natural shrimp and fish stock due to increased pollution or product contamination due to indiscriminate use of chemicals. Chemicals and drugs (antibiotic) should not be used in fish and shrimp culture for prevention and control of bacteria and viral diseases. In order to ensure the sustainable development of aquaculture, it is important to bear in mind the interdependence of technology and natural resource under various socioeconomic setting

A comparative study of five Dutch disease models: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Sciences at Massey University

During the past decade, the sudden and sharp increases in oil prices, coupled with the discovery and extraction of oil in the North Sea, have contributed considerable interest in the macroeconomic problems of oil-exporting countries. It is well known that a domestic oil discovery can give rise to wealth effects that cause a squeeze in the traded goods sector of an open economy. The decline of the manufacturing sector following an oil discovery is termed the 'Dutch disease', and has been investigated in many recent studies which embody a general equilibrium model. This is detailed in Chapter One where the development of Dutch disease literature is discussed. Despite the development of a wide range of the Dutch disease models, There is still a lack of consensus regarding the analysis on the issue of Dutch disease. This thesis aims to study a number of different models of the Dutch disease by focussing on the following considerations: i) the underlying theoretical framework with reference to some main-stream economic theories, such as those based on Trade theory, Neoclassical and Keynesian traditions; ii) the assumptions made within each framework regarding monetary and supply-side conditions; iii) analysis of the various effects of exogenous disturbances on the economy; and iv) evaluation of the relationship between the underlying assumptions and the conclusions drawn from the model analysis. Chapter Two outlines the classification of the Dutch disease model into three broad categories. These categories distinguish between the types of macroeconomic effects which give rise to the Dutch disease phenomenon. Detailed algebraic specification of each model, using standard notations developed for this thesis, along with the assumptions made are described in Chapter Three. Chapter Four is devoted to a comparative study of the models. In each section, two models are compared to draw out the differences in their assumptions and approach, and to show how these differences can affect their final conclusions about the effect of various exogenous disturbances. A summary of the main results of the comparative study is given in Chapter Five. Some points for further research are also briefly discussed

The Life-Cycle Motive and Money Demand: Further Evidence

This study takes a closer look at the relationship between money demand and the life-cycle motive using panel data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Findings indicate that the life-cycle motive exerts a direct impact on household demand for interest-earning monetary assets, but not on non-interest-earning checking deposits. The strength of the relationship, however, varies among households with divergent characteristics. There is no evidence of a unitary income elasticity for both interest- and non-interest-yielding monetary assets. The demand for interest-earning monetary assets is very sensitive to changes in the own rate of interest, but the interest rate elasticity for non-interest-earning checking accounts is quite small.life-cycle motive

Local Taxes and Parental Choice of Education: The Case of Pennsylvania

In this paper, we empirically examine the link between local taxes and education choice. Due to the endogenous relationship, 2SLS estimation is applied to correct for simultaneous equations bias. A total of 500 school districts in the state of Pennsylvania during the school years 1999-2000 to 2001-2002 are selected for a case study. Results indicate that local taxes per student are positively associated with private school enrollment rates, implying that increases in these enrollments greatly benefit public schools through tax support.Local Taxes