Prospects of 5G Satellite Networks Development

In the future, 5G networks will represent the global telecommunication infrastructure of the digital economy, which should cover the whole world including inaccessible areas not covered by 5G terrestrial networks. Given this, the satellite segment of 5G networks becomes one of the pressing issues of development and standardization at the second stage of 5G networks development in the period 2020–2025. The requirements for 5G satellite network will be determined primarily by combination of key services supported by 5G networks, which are combined by three basic business models of 5G terrestrial networks: enhanced Mobile Broadband Access (eMBB), Massive Internet of Things connections (mIoT), and Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (uRLLC). 3GPP as leading international standards body has identified several use cases and scenarios of 5G satellite networks development. 5G satellite networks are understood to mean networks in which the NG-RAN radio access network is constructed using a satellite network technology. The chapter has discussed the spectral and technological aspects of 5G satellite network developments, issues of architecture and role of delays on quality of services of 5G satellite segment, and possibility of constructing a 5G satellite segment based on distributed and centralized gNB base stations. The issues of satellite payload utilization have considered for bent-pipe and on-board processing technologies in 5G satellite segment

Experimental Performance Evaluation of NB-IOT Deployment Modes in Urban Area

Narrow-band Internet of Things is a new promising radio technology standard that addresses the requirements of the IoT. The technology provides improved indoor coverage, support of massive number of low data rate devices, low delay sensitivity, ultra-low device cost, low device power consumption and optimized network architecture. The technology can be deployed in three different operational modes: (1) in-band, (2) guard-band, or (3) standalone in dedicated spectrum. The choice of NB-IoT deployment scenario has a significant impact on the quality and performance of the network.In this article, presented the results of an experimental study of the performance of all three scenarios for NB-IoT deploying in a real working cellular network under equal operating conditions for consideration. The following parameters chosen as an assessment measure: radio coverage, network capacity and user experience. The research shown that exact the standalone mode provide the best performance for these parameters. In addition, we have confirmed that all three NB-IoT scenarios coexist perfectly on 2G/4G networks and satisfy the original requirements of 3GPP's in deep coverage and robust quality of network service

Prospects and QoS Requirements in 5G Networks, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2015, nr 1

In this article the requirements to some number of KPI that determine the quality of service (QoS) in 5G networks are formulated. The proposed QoS requirements are based on the analysis of functional requirements to 5G networks and traffic parameters for HD video and massive M2M services, which will be highly demanded in 2020. One of the 5G development paradigms is the network function virtualization (NFV) including cloud radio access and cloud core networks. The authors have proposed the concept of function blocks CQMF and CQCF to control and monitor QoS, which are implemented as part of the 5G network cloud infrastructure

QoS Requirements as Factor of Trust to 5G Network, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2016, nr 1

Trust to modern telecommunications networks plays an important role as a driver of technological and market success of any technology or telecommunication services. Most of the technological approaches to this problem are focused only on network security and do not include such a factor as the quality of service (QoS), which also plays an important role in the formation of trust both from the consumers and the regulator. The future 5G mobile technology will be the engine of development of telecommunications until 2020 and the formation of trust to the 5G networks is one of the main tasks for developers. The authors present the view on the trust to 5G networks in the plane of QoS requirements formation and QoS management. QoS requirements to 5G networks were determined on the basis of three main business models of services: xMBB, M-MTC and U-MTC and the need to ensure user trust to networks. Infrastructure requirements for QoS control and spectrum management network entities which are based on Network Function Virtualization (NFV) principles have been formed

Comparative Analysis of QoS Management and Technical Requirements in 3GPP Standards for Cellular IoT Technologies, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2018, nr 2

Optimization of 3GPP standards that apply to cellular technologies and their adaptation to LPWAN has not led to positive results only enabling to compete on the market with the growing number non-cellular greenfield LPWAN technologies – LoRa, Sigfox and others. The need to take into consideration, during the 3GPP standard optimization phase, the low-cost segment of narrow-band IoT devices relying on such new technologies as LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM, has also led to a loss of a number of technical characteristics and functions that offered low latency and guaranteed the quality of service. The aim of this article is therefore to review some of the most technical limitations and restrictions of the new 3GPP IoT technologies, as well as to indicate the direction for development of future standards applicable to cellular IoT technologies

Sharing Spectrum UE LTE and Air-Traffic Control Radars in 800 MHz Band, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2017, nr 2

The need to ensure LTE network coverage in sparsely populated and rural areas of Europe (ITU Region 1) has led to a massive use of 800 MHz band (band 20) with its good characteristics of radio wave propagation in LTE networks. However, the frequency band of 800 MHz called “digital dividend” in Region 1 is used on a primary basis not only by the terrestrial mobile service but also by air-traffic control radars (ATCR) that can lead to the creation of harmful interferences at the receivers’ input of ATCR. Such scenarios of mutual interferences became possible after granting licenses for LTE-800 frequencies to operators in such countries as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia and other CIS countries, so this problem should be solved by operators at the deployment of LTE-800 networks in airports and areas close to them. So far, for such scenarios the ITU and CEPT have not formulated criteria for interference protection. The proposed protection criteria for receivers of ATCR from user devices’ interferences of LTE-800 networks were tested by experimental studies and can provide a solution to the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problem in a complex electromagnetic environment of modern airports and cross-order coordination of 800 MHz frequency bands in Region 1

Exploring Interference Issues in the Case of n25 Band Implementation for 5G/LTE Direct-to-Device NTN Services

This paper delves into an interference analysis, focusing on the forthcoming Starlink Generation 2 satellites, stated to operate within the 1990–1995 MHz frequency band. The aim is to assess the potential interference from this Starlink system to the satellite receivers of mobile satellite systems (MSSs), which are set to function within the 1980–2010 MHz range, and satellite receivers of the NTN systems, which are planned to operate in the n256 bands, defined by the 3GPP specifications. Through simulation-based evaluations, both single-entry and aggregate interference levels from Starlink to MSSs and NTN systems are comprehensively explored. To estimate the interference impact, several protection criteria were used. The study is in line with the Recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) and common approaches that are used when performing compatibility studies between satellite systems. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the n25 band for NTN direct-to-device services

Interference Analysis of 5G NR Base Stations to Fixed Satellite Service Bent-Pipe Transponders in the 6425–7125 MHz Frequency Band

Future deployment of 5G NR base stations in the 6425–7125 MHz band raises numerous concerns over the long-term impact on the satellite transponders located in geostationary orbit. To study this impact and understand whether 5G NR may cause adverse effect to the spaceborne receivers, the research which estimated the interference levels to the satellite bent pipe links was done. The study presents the evaluation of aggregate interference from 5G NR base stations located inside the victim satellites’ footprints using Monte-Carlo analysis and calculation of signal-to-noise degradation and bit error rates of the fixed-satellite service (FSS) bent-pipe transponders for each scenario. The results of the study showed the feasibility of co-existence between 5G NR and satellite systems in the 6425–7125 MHz bands, and that no negative impact on the performance of the satellite links is expected

Challenges of Using the L-Band and S-Band for Direct-to-Cellular Satellite 5G-6G NTN Systems

This article presents a comprehensive study of the potential utilization of the L-band and S-band frequency ranges for satellite non-terrestrial network (NTN) technologies. This study encompasses an interference analysis in the S-band, investigating the coexistence of NTN satellite systems with mobile satellite networks such as Omnispace and Lyra, and an interference analysis in the L-band between NTN satellites and the mobile satellite network Inmarsat. This study simulates an NTN satellite network with typical characteristics defined by 3GPP and ITU-R for the n255 and n256 bands. Furthermore, it provides calculations illustrating the signal-to-noise ratio degradation of low-Earth-orbit (LEO), medium-Earth-orbit (MEO), and geostationary-Earth-orbit (GEO) satellite networks operating in the L-band and S-band when exposed to interference from NTN satellites

Sharing Studies between 5G IoT Networks and Fixed Service in the 6425–7125 MHz Band with Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis

This work presents sharing studies between 5G networks and point-to-point fixed service in the 6425–7125 MHz band. In this research, we provide simulations of interference from 5G downlink and uplink to fixed service in the frequency band 6425–7125 MHz. We evaluated several scenarios of interference, which include cross-border scenarios, as well as scenarios of interference within the borders of one administration. The obtained results of this work are presented as protection distance and frequency offsets that are required in order to achieve compatibility between 5G and FS in the 6425–7125 MHz band. The spectrum engineering techniques presented in this research can help different companies and regulatory administrations in their spectrum management and frequency regulation activities and seriously improve the efficiency of implementation for 5G technologies