Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/CCR6-positive bone marrow cells correlate with disease activity in multicentric Castleman disease-TAFRO

Multicentric Castleman disease-thrombocytopenia, anasarca, reticulin fibrosis of bone marrow, renal dysfunction and organomegaly (MCD-TAFRO)-is an emergent phenotype characterized by lymphoproliferation, fluid collection, hemocytopenia and multiple organopathy. Although studies have demonstrated an aberrant blood cytokine/chemokine profile referred to as "chemokine storm", the pathogenesis remains unclear. We aimed to identify pathogenic key molecules, potential diagnostic targets and therapeutic markers in MCD-TAFRO using serum cytokine/chemokine profiles. We performed the targeted cytokine/chemokine multiplex analysis in six cases of MCD-TAFRO with remission or non-remission status. We observed significant changes in serum concentrations of CCL2, CCL5, and Chitinase-3-like-1 in the MCD-TAFRO patients with active state compared to inactive state. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and CCR6, which is expressed in megakaryocytes, were detected as upstream positive regulators for activating MCD-TAFRO status. More GSK3 beta(+)CCR6(+) cells like megakaryocytes were detected in the bone marrow of patients with MCD-TAFRO than in those with systemic lupus erythematosus, MCD-not otherwise specified or autoimmune haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The cellularity of GSK3 beta(+)CCR6(+) cells was correlated with disease activity, including thrombocytopenia and anaemia. In conclusion, GSK3 beta and CCR6 of bone marrow cells were potentially involved in the pathogenesis of MCD-TAFRO and may act as diagnostic targets and therapeutic markers