La noblesse de l’époque de Heian

À l’époque de Heian, l’habillement des nobles semble avoir été moins différencié selon le sexe, et l’homosexualité une forme d’amour plus répandue, que ce qui est souvent considéré.During the Heian period, nobles’ clothing may have been less determined by sex, and homosexuality more common, than is previously thought

Proactive Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Market Orientation, and Innovation Outcomes: A Study of Small- and Medium-sized Manufacturing Firms in the UK

Purpose Drawing from resource-based theory, the authors aim to study how and under what conditions small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) capitalise on their proactive entrepreneurial behaviour (PEB) to achieve new product development (NPD) performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ data were drawn from a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 401 UK-based SMEs in the manufacturing sector. Findings The authors identify an upward curvilinear relationship between PEB and NPD performance. Taking a step further, the authors propose and confirm that this curvilinear association arises from, in part, SMEs’ innovation capability, which in turn translates into NPD performance. The authors also find that this upward curvilinear relationship between PEB and innovation capability flips to a downward curvilinear relationship when firms pursue a customer and competitor orientation. Originality/value This paper looks beyond the linear relationship that exists among entrepreneurial behaviour, market orientation and innovation outcomes

Ethics-related value acculturation: the case of Thai employees working at UK and Japanese MNCs in Thailand

Purpose –Multinational corporations (MNCs) at their foreign subsidiaries hire local employees, whose cultural values may differ from the organisations’home cultures. Such value differences may pose managerial difficulties, making it critical to observe whether working at MNCs changes local employees’cultural values, reducing these differences. This study investigates how and to what extent local employees from a collectivistic culture acculturate their ethics-related values when working at MNCs’foreign subsidiaries. The authors examine (1) whether local employees change their values to become closer to the MNCs’home cultures, and if so, (2) whether the cultural distance between the MNCs’home and host national cultures affect the degree of such adaptation. Design/methodology/approach –Survey data were collected through stratified random sampling from Thai employees of a Japanese-owned MNC (n 5196), a UK-owned MNC (n 5143) and a Thai-owned organisation (n 5137), all operating in Thailand. Hypotheses were developed using Berry’s bidimensional acculturation model and were tested using OLS and logistic regression analyses. Findings –The study’s findings indicate that MNCs’local employees from collectivistic cultures adopt Berry’s integration acculturation strategy and acculturate their ethics-related values –collectivism, ethical relativism, collective responsibility preference and executive pay differentiation tolerance –towards the values prevalent in MNCs’home cultures. Overall, acculturation is greater when cultural distance is greater. New insights are presented in relation to collective responsibility preference and pay differentiation tolerance. Originality/value –Findings add to current knowledge on acculturation in management by (1) providing new insights into value acculturation (2) utilising Berry’s acculturation model to analyse employees’ acculturation within an organisation in the context of an emerging economy, outside the more frequently studied topic of mergers and acquisitions, and (3) investigating the impact of cultural distance on the degree of employee acculturation outside the field of expatriate adjustment

スクリーン／フィルム乳房撮影法における乳房線量測定システム

The average glandular dose to glandular tissue m mammography is generally assumed to be a function of beam quality (HVL), x-ray tube target material, tube voltage, breast thickness, breast composition and, to a lesser extent, x-ray tube voltage waveform. The average glandular dose is generally determined from published tables with knowledge of the above function. Tables for a high frequency x-ray generator are not yet published. In our study, the lookup tables for the average glandular dose were made at 28 kV (high frequency x-ray generator), employing a breast simulating tissue (0-100% adipose tissue, 0-100% glandular tissue) phantom for an Mo target - Mo filter source assembly. We tried to estimate breast composition from x-ray mammograms by digital image processing techniques, also using the simulating tissue phantom. Then the system that automatically calculates the average glandular dose from digitized clinical x-ray mammograms was built. It is considered that this system can contribute to objective evaluation of the average glandular dose.乳房X線撮影法において乳腺組織に対する平均放射線吸収線量，すなわち平均乳腺線量は放射線のリスクの最も有用な測定法であり，現在，乳房に対する線量の評価に用いられている指標である。一般に，平均乳腺線量は線質（HVL），X線管球ターゲット材料，管電圧，圧迫乳房厚さ，乳房構成および（ある程度）X線管電圧波形の関数であるとされている。平均乳腺線量は，上記の関数についての情報を備えた表が公表されており，一般にその表を使って決定されている。近年，インバータ式といわれる高周波X線発生装置が普及してきた。しかし，その装置用の表は，まだ公表されていない。我々の研究では，乳房組織をシュミレートするファントム（0～100％乳腺組織，0～100％脂肪組織）を使用して，28kVでMoターゲット―Moフィルタソースアセンブリーを備えた高周波X線発生装置のために，平均乳腺線量用のルックアップテーブルを作成した。同様に，乳房組織をシュミレートするファントムを使用して，乳房X線写真から，ディジタル・イメージプロセシング技術によって，乳房構成の評価を試みた。そして，ディジタイズされた臨床乳房X線写真から，平均乳腺線量を自動的に計算するシステムを構築した。サンプル数が少ないため断定はできないが，日本女性は，基準構成（50％の脂肪および50％の乳腺組織）と比較すると，脂肪が少ない傾向を分析結果は示唆していた。また，平均乳腺吸収線量の限度は，明確に規定されていないが，American College of Radiology（ACR）は4 mGyなどを推奨している。また日本では，3 mGyが推奨されているが，我々の撮影システムはこれらを十分満足していた。このように本システムは，平均乳腺線量の客観的な評価に寄与するとともに，DR（digital radiography）などに応用すると，すなわちルックアップテーブルをDRのコンピュータに保存しておけば，撮影後すぐに乳房構成および平均乳腺線量を算出できる可能性をもつ

The Impact of International Labour Standards Enforcement Initiatives: The Case of the Cambodian Garment Industry

Inadequate working conditions are frequently reported within clothing manufacturing, particularly in the least developed countries where loose legislative enforcement contributes to lower labour costs that are favoured by retail buyers. Global efforts, including from the International Labour Organisation (ILO), seek to develop better working practices however the effectiveness of such efforts are not fully understood. The research proposed focuses on Cambodia, assessing the effectiveness of two initiatives led by the ILO, namely, Better Factories Cambodia and Cambodia Decent Work Country Programme. The lens of Institutional Theory will be used to understand the dimensions of Isomorphism and Decoupling that influence stakeholder responses to pressure to raise worker conditions. Inductive Semi-Structured Interviews are planned with ILO officials, factory owners and factory workers to gain depth understanding of key stakeholders’ views, particularly surrounding changes enacted ‘on the ground’ and the motives and barriers to compliance with international standards

Extended-cycle processによる乳房撮影用増感紙／フィルムシステムの画質改善

Extended-cycle process is the term used for a processor in which the processing time has been prolonged usually to approximate 210 seconds. It has been known that the extended-cycle process of some single-emulsion films as used for mammography may enhance film contrast and increase film speed. So the speed was increased in lower speed and higher resolution system than conventional systems by means of using the extended-cycle process in this paper. We investigated how much the resolution of the system was kept. A single screen-single emulsion combination, Konica M-100/CM-H was employed as a low speed and high resolution system. This film after exposure was processed in the different combinations of developing temperatures, 30, 32 and 34℃, and processing time of 210 seconds. On the other hand, Konica M-200/CM-H was employed as a high speed system. This film was processed in the standard-cycle processing (34℃, 90 seconds). Those systems were compared on contrast, speed, screen-film blur and noise by a characteristic curve, MTF (modulation transfer function) and WS (wiener spectrum). Furthermore, the RMI 165 phantom was used to evaluate visibility of mammographic details of these systems. As a result, in the extended-cycle process at the developing temperatures of 32 or 34°C and processing time of 210 seconds for M-100/CM-H, it was possible to increase the speed as much as the higher speed system, M-200/CM-H. Then the contrast, the MTF and the visibility were also improved as compared to the higher speed system. Furthermore patient dose could be reduced at the developing temperature of 34℃ and processing time of 210 seconds in M-100/CM-H.通常,extended-cycle processは処理時間が約210秒に延ばされた現像機のために使われる用語である｡乳房撮影に使われるような片面乳剤フィルムにおけるextended-cycle processは,フィルムコントラストを増し,感度をあげることが良く知られている｡そこで,本論文ではextended-cycle processにより低感度,高解像度システムの感度を上げ,どの程度解像度が維持されるかを調べた｡片面増感紙／片面フィルムの組合わせであるKonica M-100/CM-Hを低感度,高解像度システムとして用いた｡露光後のフィルムは現像温度30,32, 34度,処理時間210秒の異なる組合わせで現像処理した。一方,高感度システムとしてKonica M-200/CM-Hを用い,このフィルムは標準現像(34℃,90秒)された｡感度,増感紙／フイルムのぼけ,雑音に関して,特性曲線,MTF(modulation transfer function), WS(wiener spectrum)によってこれらのシステムを比較した｡さらにこれらのシステムにおける乳房写真の細部視覚評価のためにRM165ファントムを使用した｡その結果,M-100/CM-Hに対するextended-cycle process現像温度32, 34℃,処理時間210秒のextended-cycle processにおいて,高感度システムM-200/CM-Hと同等の感度を上げることが可能であった｡そのとき,コントラスト,MTF,視覚的検出能も高感度システムより向上した｡さらに,現像温度34℃,処理時間210秒では,被曝線量の低減が可能であった

現在の英語カリキュラムと新入生の学習者ビリーフに基づく発展的提案

In order to provide students with good teaching, the curriculum needs to be reviewed and revised periodically. Even minor changes can be of benefit. To prepare a better curriculum for students, teachers should know students’ needs and wants. In this report, the present English curriculum at Okayama Prefectural University is described. The present curriculum aims to improve students’ four skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing in addition to increasing vocabulary and grammar knowledge. Then, the results of a survey on 2018 first-year students’ beliefs regarding learning English are reported. Students’ beliefs include attitude toward English learning, motivation, anxiety, and expectation. Last, based on the results of the survey, the strengths and weaknesses of the present curriculum are discussed.平成30年度に実施された英語カリキュラムを説明し、平成30年度入学生の入学直後の学習者ビリーフ（学習への期待、意欲、不安など）を調査した。調査の結果、3つの学部から構成される岡山県立大学は、学部ごとに、学習者ビリーフが大きく異なることが明らかになった。語学教育推進室は、全学を対象とした統一英語カリキュラムを実施しているが、学部ごとに、学生のニーズに合わせた英語カリキュラムを工夫していく必要がある

Quantitative evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of a short-acting β-adrenoceptor antagonist at a clinical dose on forebrain ischemia in gerbils: effects of esmolol on ischemic depolarization and histologic outcome of hippocampal CA1.

BACKGROUND: Neuroprotective effects of esmolol in laboratory and clinical settings have been reported. The present study was designed to quantitatively evaluate the neuroprotective effects of esmolol using logistic regression curves and extracellular potentials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 42 gerbils, bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries was performed for 3, 5, or 7 minutes (n=7 in each group). In treated animals, esmolol (200 µg/kg/min) was administered for 90 minutes, 30 minutes before the onset of ischemia. Direct current potentials were measured in the bilateral CA1 regions, in which histologic evaluation was performed 5 days later. Relations of neuronal damage with ischemic duration and duration of ischemic depolarization were determined using logistic regression curves. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in onset time between the 2 groups (the control group vs. the esmolol group: 1.65±0.46 vs. 1.68±0.45 min, P=0.76), and significant differences in durations of ischemic depolarization were not observed with any ischemic duration. However, logistic regression curves indicated that esmolol has a neuroprotective effect from 2.95 to 7.66 minutes of ischemic depolarization (P<0.05), and esmolol prolonged the duration of ischemic depolarization causing 50% neuronal damage from 4.97 to 6.34 minutes (P<0.05). Logistic regression curves also indicated that esmolol has a neuroprotective effect from 3.77 to 7.74 minutes of ischemic duration (P<0.05), and esmolol prolonged the ischemic duration causing 50% neuronal damage from 4.26 to 4.91 minutes (P<0.05)