Brain Transcriptional Profiles of Male Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Females in Bluegill Sunfish

We thank Scott Colborne for his help in collecting bluegill, Dave Bridges for providing the R script to convert Ensemble IDs to stickleback homologs, and David Winter and Jeramia Ory for providing Python script used in the bioinformatics analyses. We thank Doug Haywick for producing Fig 1. We also thank Shawn Garner, Tim Hain, Lauren Kordonowy, and Lindsay Havens, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) are one of the classic systems for studying male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) in teleost fishes. In this species, there are two distinct life histories: parental and cuckolder, encompassing three reproductive tactics, parental, satellite, and sneaker. The parental life history is fixed, whereas individuals who enter the cuckolder life history transition from sneaker to satellite tactic as they grow. For this study, we used RNAseq to characterize the brain transcriptome of the three male tactics and females during spawning to identify gene ontology (GO) categories and potential candidate genes associated with each tactic. We found that sneaker males had higher levels of gene expression differentiation compared to the other two male tactics. Sneaker males also had higher expression in ionotropic glutamate receptor genes, specifically AMPA receptors, compared to other males, which may be important for increased spatial working memory while attempting to cuckold parental males at their nests. Larger differences in gene expression also occurred among male tactics than between males and females. We found significant expression differences in several candidate genes that were previously identified in other species with ARTs and suggest a previously undescribed role for cAMP-responsive element modulator (crem) in influencing parental male behaviors during spawning.Yeshttp://www.plosone.org/static/editorial#pee

Sensing the fuels: glucose and lipid signaling in the CNS controlling energy homeostasis

The central nervous system (CNS) is capable of gathering information on the body’s nutritional state and it implements appropriate behavioral and metabolic responses to changes in fuel availability. This feedback signaling of peripheral tissues ensures the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The hypothalamus is a primary site of convergence and integration for these nutrient-related feedback signals, which include central and peripheral neuronal inputs as well as hormonal signals. Increasing evidence indicates that glucose and lipids are detected by specialized fuel-sensing neurons that are integrated in these hypothalamic neuronal circuits. The purpose of this review is to outline the current understanding of fuel-sensing mechanisms in the hypothalamus, to integrate the recent findings in this field, and to address the potential role of dysregulation in these pathways in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Fish Intelligence, Sentience and Ethics

Fish are one of the most highly utilised vertebrate taxa by humans; they are harvested from wild stocks as part of global fishing industries, grown under intensive aquaculture conditions, are the most common pet and are widely used for scientific research. But fish are seldom afforded the same level of compassion or welfare as warm-blooded vertebrates. Part of the problem is the large gap between people’s perception of fish intelligence and the scientific reality. This is an important issue because public perception guides government policy. The perception of an animal’s intelligence often drives our decision whether or not to include them in our moral circle. From a welfare perspective, most researchers would suggest that if an animal is sentient, then it can most likely suffer and should therefore be offered some form of formal protection. There has been a debate about fish welfare for decades which centres on the question of whether they are sentient or conscious. The implications for affording the same level of protection to fish as other vertebrates are great, not least because of fishing-related industries. Here, I review the current state of knowledge of fish cognition starting with their sensory perception and moving on to cognition. The review reveals that fish perception and cognitive abilities often match or exceed other vertebrates. A review of the evidence for pain perception strongly suggests that fish experience pain in a manner similar to the rest of the vertebrates. Although scientists cannot provide a definitive answer on the level of consciousness for any nonhuman vertebrate, the extensive evidence of fish behavioural and cognitive sophistication and pain perception suggests that best practice would be to lend fish the same level of protection as any other vertebrate

Neural Circuits Underlying Rodent Sociality: A Comparative Approach

All mammals begin life in social groups, but for some species, social relationships persist and develop throughout the course of an individual’s life. Research in multiple rodent species provides evidence of relatively conserved circuitry underlying social behaviors and processes such as social recognition and memory, social reward, and social approach/avoidance. Species exhibiting different complex social behaviors and social systems (such as social monogamy or familiarity preferences) can be characterized in part by when and how they display specific social behaviors. Prairie and meadow voles are closely related species that exhibit similarly selective peer preferences but different mating systems, aiding direct comparison of the mechanisms underlying affiliative behavior. This chapter draws on research in voles as well as other rodents to explore the mechanisms involved in individual social behavior processes, as well as specific complex social patterns. Contrasts between vole species exemplify how the laboratory study of diverse species improves our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social behavior. We identify several additional rodent species whose interesting social structures and available ecological and behavioral field data make them good candidates for study. New techniques and integration across laboratory and field settings will provide exciting opportunities for future mechanistic work in non-model species

Biochemistry and physiology of gastrointestinal somatostatin

Somatostatin, a tetradecapeptide initially isolated from the ovine hypothalamus, is widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract where it may act as a hormone, local chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter to elicit many physiological actions. Release of somatostatin from D cells in the gut is regulated by mechanisms that are both dependent on and independent of cAMP. In most cases somatostatin acts to inhibit the function of its target cells. It performs this action in part via pertussis-toxin-sensitive inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that regulate adenylate cyclase activity. Other mechanisms may involve sites of action distal to intracellular second messenger systems .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44411/1/10620_2005_Article_BF01536041.pd

The contribution of the autonomic nervous system to changes of glucagon and insulin secretion during hypoglycemic stress.

During hypoglycemic stress, glucagon secretion increases and insulin secretion decreases. The traditional view is that these changes are due to the effect of low circulating glucose levels acting directly on the pancreatic islet. In contrast, a number of studies suggest that these responses are due to activation of autonomic nervous system that accompanies hypoglycemia in vivo, a view that we favor. Although central nervous system and autonomic neural control of the endocrine pancreashas been reviewed before (1–4), this review will focus specifically on the autonomic activation produced by glucopenic stress and its potential contribution to the accompanying changes of glucagon and insulin secretion. The goal of this review is not to negate the traditional view that hypoglycemia has direct actions on the islet, but rather to suggest that the autonomic contribution may have been underestimated in a whole class of experiments because of unrecognized redundancy in the autonomic input to the islet. The first section will review the supporting evidence that each of three autonomic inputs to the pancreas is activated during this stress. The three inputs are: 1) pancreatic parasympathetic nerves, 2) adrenal medullary epinephrine, and 3) pancreatic sympathetic nerves. The various techniques for measuring these autonomic inputs to the pancreas will be discussed, and the factors which influence the magnitude of the autonomic activation will be outlined. © 1989 by The Endocrine Society