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HLXB9 gene expression, and nuclear location during in vitro neuronal differentiation in the SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cell line
Copyright @ 2014 Leotta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Different parts of the genome occupy specific compartments of the cell nucleus based on the gene content and the transcriptional activity. An example of this is the altered nuclear positioning of the HLXB9 gene in leukaemia cells observed in association with its over-expression. This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of a chromosomal translocation with breakpoint proximal to the HLXB9 gene. Before becoming an interesting gene in cancer biology, HLXB9 was studied as a developmental gene. This homeobox gene is also known as MNX1 (motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1) and it is relevant for both motor neuronal and pancreatic beta cells development. A spectrum of mutations in this gene are causative of sacral agenesis and more broadly, of what is known as the Currarino Syndrome, a constitutional autosomal dominant disorder. Experimental work on animal models has shown that HLXB9 has an essential role in motor neuronal differentiation. Here we present data to show that, upon treatment with retinoic acid, the HLXB9 gene becomes over-expressed during the early stages of neuronal differentiation and that this corresponds to a reposition of the gene in the nucleus. More precisely, we used the SK-N-BE human neuroblastoma cell line as an in vitro model and we demonstrated a transient transcription of HLXB9 at the 4th and 5th days of differentiation that corresponded to the presence, predominantly in the cell nuclei, of the encoded protein HB9. The nuclear positioning of the HLXB9 gene was monitored at different stages: a peripheral location was noted in the proliferating cells whereas a more internal position was noted during differentiation, that is while HLXB9 was transcriptionally active. Our findings suggest that HLXB9 can be considered a marker of early neuronal differentiation, possibly involving chromatin remodeling pathways
Excel spectroscopic tools to visualize, analyze and manipulate remotely sensed data of planetary bodies. This work has been developed under the ASI-INAF agreement n. 2023-6-HH.0.
This manual describes how to use an interactive Excel tool that provides a quick and easy way to visualize and manipulate laboratory spectroscopic data
Una geografia delle politiche urbane tra possesso e governo. Sfide e opportunità nella transizione.
Space Weather in the Saturn System
We analyze the effect of space weather acting on the Saturn satellites Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea from the spectroscopic point of view. We will show results from the analysis of spectra returned by VIMS instrument onboard Cassini
Jiram standard product data record and archive volume software interface specification
This software interface specification (SIS) describes the format and content of the JIRAM Planetary Data System (PDS) data archive. It includes descriptions of the Standard Data Products
and associated metadata, and the volume archive format, content, and generation pipeline
The Controversial Role of TGF-β in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathogenesis.
The multifunctional transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-βs) have been extensively studied regarding their role in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), a major cause of severe visual loss in the elderly in developed countries. Despite this, their effect remains somewhat controversial. Indeed, both pro- and antiangiogenic activities have been suggested for TGF-β signaling in the development and progression of nAMD, and opposite therapies have been proposed targeting the inhibition or activation of the TGF-β pathway. The present article summarizes the current literature linking TGF-β and nAMD, and reviews experimental data supporting both pro- and antiangiogenic hypotheses, taking into account the limitations of the experimental approaches
New molecular targets for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive chronic disease that currently represents the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the western world. Experimental and clinical evidence has demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) plays an important role in promoting the choroidal neovascularization that characterizes the wet form of AMD. Intravitreal injection of anti- VEGF-A agents is the current treatment of
choice for neovascular AMD (nAMD). These agents have brought about dramatic changes in the treatment of nAMD, but most patients require frequently repeated injections and regular long-term follow-up, with a significant percentage of them showing resistance to anti-VEGF-A drugs. Thus, the identification of additional therapies that could improve the treatment protocols is needed. There are numerous areas of investigation into new treatments, with increasing efforts being made to study drugs that address various targets along the angiogenic signaling cascade, or other pathways related to the onset of nAMD. The aim of
the present review is to summarize and discuss promising new therapies and targets that have the potential to improve outcomes and to lengthen treatment durability, especially in patients with recalcitrant or recurrent forms of nAMD
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