La concurrence du « Präteritum » et du « Konjunktiv II » dans les subordonnées finales en allemand

Dans les subordonnées finales introduites par damit, on constate que le Präteritum allemand peut entrer en concurrence avec les formes subjonctives avec lesquelles il est alors commutable sans changement appréciable de sens :mais que dans ce cas, l’alternance du Präteritum avec le Perfekt — autrement très fréquente — est interdite. Qu’il y ait des traits communs entre le Konjunktiv II et le Präteritum est un fait que signale la synapse totale de ces deux formes de la conjugaison régulière :et la synapse partielle des formes irrégulières (voir exemple (a)).Nous allons essayer de dégager les divers effets de sens qui découlent de l’emploi de l’une ou de l’autre forme dans la subordonnée finale introduite par damit, pour enfin réexaminer le signifié de puissance du Präteritum allemand, et proposer un lien avec le Konjunktiv II.In final-clauses introduced by damit in German the Präteritum may be replaced by the Konjunktiv II without any major change in meaning:Unlike most other contents, however, the Perfekt cannot be substituted for the Präteritum here. This along with the fact that there is a total synapsis (i.e. identity of signs) between the past subjunctive and the preterite forms of the regular declension:and a partial synapsis of the irregular forms as in (a) above indicates that there must be common features underlyling both the Konjunktiv II and the Präteritum.We will examine the impressions of discourse arising from the two forms in clauses expressing finality in order to revaluate the potential significate of the Präteritum in German and suggest a link with the past subjunctive

Consultation "contraception" (les attentes des adolescentes. Etude qualitative auprès de 14 adolescentes venant consulter au centre de plannification et d'éducation familiale Flora Tristan d'Angers )

La contraception des adolescentes est toujours un sujet d'actualité .Qu'attendent- elles des consultations "contraception ? Par une étude qualitative auprès d' adolescentes consultants au CPEF d'Angers, faite à travers des entretiens semi structurés,nous allons tenter de répondre à cette question. La population est âgées de 13 à 18 ans, la répartition géographique et par milieu scolaire est diversifiée et représentative. Les attentes des jeunes sont tournées sur des conseils personnalisés,des informations claires, exhaustives et pratiques. Elles désirent avoir des documents écrits pour savoir quoi faire en cas d' urgence ainsi que pour les informer sur les IST.Elles ont une mauvaise connaissance de leurs droits et des prescripteurs et jugent que l éducation sexuelle faite à l école est insuffisante. Les attentes des adolescentes coïncident avec les recommandations HAS de 2004 mais les médecins n 'y répondent pas toujours. Le manque de temps, de formation ainsi que des tabous persistent. L éducation sexuelle à l école est à uniformiser car elle n est pas faite partout, ni selon les directives de la loi de 2002. En conclusion les adolescentes veulent des consultations personnalisées. Pour combler ces attentes les médecins doivent adapter leurs discours tout en gardant une démarche systématisée pour ne rien omettre car ces premières consultations sont remplies d' enjeux. Une meilleure formation des professionnels de santé et l'utilisation d outils communs permettraient un discours unifié et une meilleur prise en charge des adolescentes. Enfin une réflexion à plus grande échelle sur l éducation à la sexualité des adolescentes doit s'ouvrir pour les préparer au mieuxTeenager s contraception is a topical issue given the significant number of abortion which is stagnating in France. What are they waiting for a contraception consultation? By a qualitative study from a group of teenagers consulting from Angers FEPC, made by semi-structured interviews, we are going to try to answer that question. Population aged 13 to 18; geographical distribution and studies level are diverse and representative. Youngers expectations are about personal advices as well as practical, exhaustive and clear information. That is why in case of emergency and in order to get information about STD, they want to have some written documents because they have some lack of knowledge about their rights as well as prescribers obligations. These expectations overlap with 2004 French National Authority for Health (F.N.A.H.) recommendations but healthcare providers doesn t always answer to them because of lack of time, lack of formation as well as persistent taboos. By the way, scholar sexual education needs to be levelled mostly because it doesn't be done everywhere nor according to the 2002 law directives. As a conclusion, in order to meeting teenager's expectations, doctors must adjust their speech while using a systematic policy in order to forget anything because first consultations are full of issues. A better healthcare professionals training and the use of common tools would allow an unified speech and a better teenagers care. Finally, a bigger scale reflection about teenager's sexual education must be conducted for better ready themANGERS-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

The heart of a hibernator: EGFR and MAPK signaling in cardiac muscle during the hibernation of thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus

Background: Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) experience dramatic changes in physiological and molecular parameters during winter hibernation. Notably, these animals experience reduced blood circulation during torpor, which can put numerous stresses on their hearts. The present study evaluates the role played by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in signal transduction during hibernation at low body temperature to evaluate signaling mechanisms. By investigating the regulation of intracellular mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway responses, anti-apoptosis signals, downstream transcription factors, and heat shock proteins in cardiac muscle we aim to determine the correlation between upstream tyrosine phosphorylation events and downstream outcomes. Methods: Protein abundance of phosphorylated EGFR, MAPKs and downstream effector proteins were quantified using immunoblotting and Luminex_ multiplex assays. Results: Monitoring five time points over the torpor/arousal cycle, EGFR phosphorylation on T654, Y1068, Y1086 was found to increase signifi

Microglial Involvement in Neuroplastic Changes Following Focal Brain Ischemia in Rats

The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is a complex sequence of events including inflammatory reaction, for which the microglia appears to be a major cellular contributor. However, whether post-ischemic activation of microglial cells has beneficial or detrimental effects remains to be elucidated, in particular on long term brain plasticity events. The objective of our study was to determine, through modulation of post-stroke inflammatory response, to what extent microglial cells are involved in some specific events of neuronal plasticity, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Since microglia is a source of neurotrophic factors, the identification of the brain-derived neurophic factor (BDNF) as possible molecular actor involved in these events was also attempted. As a means of down-regulating the microglial response induced by ischemia, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB, 90 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to inhibit the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Indeed, PARP-1 contributes to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kB, which is essential to the upregulation of proinflammatory genes, in particular responsible for microglial activation/proliferation. Experiments were conducted in rats subjected to photothrombotic ischemia which leads to a strong and early microglial cells activation/proliferation followed by an infiltration of macrophages within the cortical lesion, events evaluated at serial time points up to 1 month post-ictus by immunostaining for OX-42 and ED-1. Our most striking finding was that the decrease in acute microglial activation induced by 3-AB was associated with a long term down-regulation of two neuronal plasticity proteins expression, synaptophysin (marker of synaptogenesis) and GAP-43 (marker of neuritogenesis) as well as to a significant decrease in tissue BDNF production. Thus, our data argue in favour of a supportive role for microglia in brain neuroplasticity stimulation possibly through BDNF production, suggesting that a targeted protection of microglial cells could represent an innovative approach to potentiate post-stroke neuroregeneration

Physical training and hypertension have opposite effects on endothelial brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression

Aims Changes in circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were reported in patients with or at risk for cardiovascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction, suggesting a link between BDNF and endothelial functionality. However, little is known on cardiovascular BDNF. Our aim was to investigate levels/localization, function, and relevance of cardiovascular BDNF. Methods and results BDNF levels (western blotting) and localization (immunostaining) were assessed in the heart and aorta from rats with impaired (spontaneously hypertensive rats [SHR]), normal (Wistar Kyoto rats [WKY]), and improved (SHR and WKY subjected to physical training) endothelial function. BDNF levels were also measured in cultured endothelial cells (CECs) subjected to low and high shear stress. The cardiovascular effects of BDNF were investigated in isolated aortic rings and hearts. The results showed high BDNF levels in the heart and aorta, the expression being prominent in endothelial cells as compared with other cell types. Exogenous BDNF vasodilated aortic rings but changed neither coronary flow nor cardiac contractility. Hypertension was associated with decreased expression of BDNF in the endothelium, whereas physical training led to endothelial BDNF up-regulation not only in WKY but also in SHR. Exposure of CECs to high shear stress stimulated BDNF production and secretion. Conclusion Cardiovascular BDNF is mainly localized within endothelial cells in which its expression is dependent on endothelial function. These results open new perspectives on the role of endothelial BDNF in cardiovascular healt

Imaging, radiation exposure, and attributable cancer risk for neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract Purpose: Neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) receive numerous radiologic investigations that potentially increase their lifetime cancer mortality risk. We evaluated our radiologic practice pattern for patients with NEC and estimated cumulative radiation exposure and lifetime cancer risk. Methods: Infants with NEC in a tertiary care NICU had patient demographics, imaging, treatments/ interventions, and outcomes analyzed over 3 years. The number and type of imaging were recorded, including NEC-related imaging (thoraco-abdominal "babygrams" and abdominal radiographs), and all other imaging modalities. Patients were stratified by birth weight: group 1 (b 750 g); group 2 (751-1500 g); and group 3 (N 1501 g). Pre-existing normative data were used to calculate radiation exposure, absorption, and attributable cancer risk from NEC-related imaging. Results: Sixty-four neonates with 72 episodes of NEC were identified. Overall survival was 75.0%. When stratified by birth weight, mean abdominal radiographs and babygrams comprised 51%, 60%, and 74% of total imaging, giving median mGy doses of 2.1, 0.4, and 0.2, respectively. Compared to normative data, radiation dosing, and median cumulative cancer lifetime mortality risk increased by an average of 4.3 × from baseline, with two cases documenting a 20-fold increase. Conclusion: Neonates with NEC are exposed to significant amounts of radiation directly attributable to disease surveillance. Non-radiologic surveillance methods could significantly reduce radiation exposure and cancer risk in these infants

Anxiety following mild traumatic brain injury

Purpose/Objective: The goals of the present study were (1) to document the prevalence of anxiety-related disorders and anxiety symptoms at 4, 8, and 12 months post-injury in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) while considering pre-injury history of anxiety disorders and (2) to verify whether the presence of anxiety in the first months following mTBI was associated with more symptoms present one year after the injury. Research Method/Design: One hundred and twenty participants hospitalized after an accident and having sustained mTBI were assessed at 4, 8, and 12 months post-accident with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and questionnaires assessing fatigue, irritability, perceived stress, cognitive difficulties, depression, insomnia, and pain. Results: At 4 months, 23.8% of participants presented with at least one anxiety-related disorder compared to 15.2% at 8 months and 11.2% at 12 months. Overall, 32.5% presented with at least one anxiety disorder over the first 12 months post-mTBI. Participants with a history of anxiety (20.5%) were significantly more anxious following their accident. Individuals who were anxious 4 months after the accident presented with more symptoms in different areas 12 months post-injury compared to non-anxious individuals. Conclusions/Implications: The present results highlight that anxiety should be evaluated and managed carefully as it appears to be a key factor in the persistence of other mTBI-related symptom

TonEBP regulates the hyperosmotic expression of aquaporin 1 and 5 in the intervertebral disc

Abstract: The central region of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is rich in proteoglycans, leading to a hyperosmotic environment, which fluctuates with daily loading. The cells of the nucleus pulposus (NP cells) have adapted to this environment via the function of tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), and NP cells have been shown to express several water channels known as aquaporins (AQP). We have previously shown that AQP1 and 5 decrease during IVD degeneration. Here, the regulation of AQP1 and 5 by hyperosmotic conditions and the role of TonEBP in this regulation was investigated. AQP1 and 5 gene expression was upregulated by hyperosmotic conditions mimicking the osmolality of the healthy IVD, which was abrogated by TonEBP knockdown. Furthermore, AQP1 and 5 immunopositivity was significantly reduced in TonEBPΔ/Δ E17.5 mice when compared with wildtype controls, indicating in vivo expression of AQP1 and 5 is controlled at least in part by TonEBP. This hyperosmotic regulation of AQP1 and 5 could help to explain the decreased AQP1 and 5 expression during degeneration, when the osmolality of the NP decreases. Together this data suggests that TonEBP-regulated osmo-adaptation may be disrupted during IVD degeneration when the expression of both AQPs is reduced

Magnetic particle characterization in the Seine river system: Implications for the determination of natural versus anthropogenic input

International audience[1] This study presents an innovative application of well-established environmental magnetic proxy parameters on fluvial sediments, with the aim to trace geological and human-induced processes in the complex Seine river drainage system in northern France. We seek to identify environmental fingerprints of mechanical and chemical weathering processes, the regional distribution of the suspended material, and changes in the balance of natural input versus anthropogenic pollution. In order to reach these goals, we applied a combination of rock magnetic and advanced scanning electron microscopic techniques on a large number of sediment trap samples. Generally, we observe an increase in magnetic concentration coupled with a coarsening in magnetic grain size downstream of the Seine river system. Furthermore, the dominant magnetomineralogy changes from high-coercivity minerals upstream in more rural areas to magnetite-dominated assemblages downstream. Each river (segment) shows its specific trend line depending on regional initial input, weathering conditions, drainage area, and potential pollution sources. One major outcome of this study is the observed significant correlation between anthropogenic antimony-rich iron oxide particles and the magnetic concentration. This shows the potential of magnetic remanence measurements as proxy parameters for specific heavy metal pollution concentrations. Hence, the environmental magnetic study presented herein serves to identify major trends as well as local particularities and leads to quantitative analyses of the contributions of individual tributaries in the Seine river system. Components: 9513 words, 9 figures, 4 tables

Widespread shortening of 3′UTRs by alternative cleavage and polyadenylation activates oncogenes in cancer cells

In cancer cells, genetic alterations can activate proto-oncogenes, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. However, the protein products of oncogenes are sometimes overexpressed without alteration of the proto-oncogene. Helping to explain this phenomenon, we found that when compared to similarly proliferating nontransformed cell lines, cancer cell lines often expressed substantial amounts of mRNA isoforms with shorter 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). These shorter isoforms usually resulted from alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA). The APA had functional consequences, with the shorter mRNA isoforms exhibiting increased stability and typically producing ten-fold more protein, in part through the loss of microRNA-mediated repression. Moreover, expression of the shorter mRNA isoform of the proto-oncogene IGF2BP1/IMP-1 led to far more oncogenic transformation than did expression of the full-length, annotated mRNA. The high incidence of APA in cancer cells, with consequent loss of 3′UTR repressive elements, suggests a pervasive role for APA in oncogene activation without genetic alteration.National Institutes of Health (U.S.