Vasoactive stress hormone (adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol) concentration in plasma after administration of low doses of S-(+)-ketamine epidurally

Background and Purposes: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of epidurally administered S-(+)-ketamine on vasoactive stress hormones. It was a prospective study conducted after approval of the Ethical Committee and informed consent of patients. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 80 patients: 40 patients in Group 1 (0.5% bupivacaine) and 40 patients in Group 2 (0.5% bupivacaine + 25 mg S-(+)-ketamine – 0.326 mg/kg-bm). All patients were adults aged between 18 and 45 years, ASA I and II with epidural anaesthesia for a surgical procedure. Vasoactive parameters: concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol were measured 30 minutes before setting the vein pathway and 17–25 min. after application of anaesthetics. Results: There were no statistically significant changes in vasoactive stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol) plasma concentrations after administering 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% bupivacaine + S-(+)- -ketamine epidurally. Conclusion: Setting central nervous block before skin incision, using local anaesthetic, and S-(+)-ketamine, leaves concentrations of stress hormones in plasma within referent values. Adding a low dose of S-(+)- -ketamine into the epidural space in combination with 0.5% bupivacaine does not have an effect on the concentration of stress hormones in plasma

Vasoactive stress hormone (adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol) concentration in plasma after administration of low doses of S-(+)-ketamine epidurally

Background and Purposes: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of epidurally administered S-(+)-ketamine on vasoactive stress hormones. It was a prospective study conducted after approval of the Ethical Committee and informed consent of patients. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 80 patients: 40 patients in Group 1 (0.5% bupivacaine) and 40 patients in Group 2 (0.5% bupivacaine + 25 mg S-(+)-ketamine – 0.326 mg/kg-bm). All patients were adults aged between 18 and 45 years, ASA I and II with epidural anaesthesia for a surgical procedure. Vasoactive parameters: concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol were measured 30 minutes before setting the vein pathway and 17–25 min. after application of anaesthetics. Results: There were no statistically significant changes in vasoactive stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol) plasma concentrations after administering 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% bupivacaine + S-(+)- -ketamine epidurally. Conclusion: Setting central nervous block before skin incision, using local anaesthetic, and S-(+)-ketamine, leaves concentrations of stress hormones in plasma within referent values. Adding a low dose of S-(+)- -ketamine into the epidural space in combination with 0.5% bupivacaine does not have an effect on the concentration of stress hormones in plasma

Morphodynamik des Kiesstrandes Ploče bei starkem Schirokko

Izvorište Jadro u Solinu koristi se za opskrbu vodom za ljudsku potrošnju gradove Split, Solin, Kaštela i Trogir, te općine Podstrana, Klis, Seget i Okrug. Povremeno, s pojavom obilnijih padalina, dolazi do zamućenja izvorišta, te voda nije sukladna zakonskim propisima kao voda za konzumaciju. Kao prijedlog rješavanja problema povremenog zamućenja izvorišta predlaže se višeslojni filtracijski medij koji se sastoji od kvarcnog pijeska i antracita. Takav sustav uspješno uklanja zamućenja od 45 NTU na manje od 4 NTU, što zadovoljava sadašnje zakonske propise. Dodatkom koagulanta, FeCl3, smanjio se sadržaj suspendiranih tvari, odnosno mutnoće što je značajno smanjilo potrošak klora u vodi te time stvorilo bolje uvjete za dezinfekciju vode. Dezinfekcije vode i potrošnja klora u vodi je ispitana dodatkom natrijevog hipoklorita sa i bez UV post-tretmana vode. Kod sustava s post-tretmanom vode UV zračenjem dolazi do značajnog smanjenja utroška hipoklorita kao dezinficijensa. Otpadna voda nastala procesom filtracije veoma jednostavno obrađuje se procesima koagulacije i flokulacije te taloženjem. Rezultati ispitivanja i konačni prijedlog rješenja povremenog zamućenja vode s izvorišta Jadro se iznosi u ovom radu.The Jadro source in Solin is used for the supply of water for human consumption to the cities of Split, Solin, Kaštela and Trogir, including the municipalities of Podstrana, Klis, Seget and Okrug. Occasionally, the appearance of abundant precipitation causes the turbidity of the source, resulting in the water that is incompliant with the regulations related to water for consumption. A multilayer filtration medium consisting of quartz sand and anthracite is proposed as a solution to the problem of occasional turbidity of the source. Such system successfully removes the turbidity of 45 NTU to less than 4 NTUs, which complies with the current legislation. The addition of the coagulant, FeCl3, reduced the content of suspended solids i.e. turbidity and significantly reduced the use of chlorine use in the water, thus creating better conditions for water disinfection. Water disinfection and chlorine use in water were examined by the addition of sodium hypochlorite, with and without the UV post-treatment of water. In systems with post-treatment of water with UV radiation, there is a significant reduction in the use of hypochlorite as a disinfectant. The wastewater generated by the filtration process is very easily treated using coagulation and flocculation processes and settling. The paper presents the research results and the final proposal for the solution of occasional water turbidity in the Jadro source.Eine Analyse der Morphodynamik des künstlich angelegten Kiesstrandes Ploče in Rijeka ist durchgeführt worden. Anfänglich wurden numerische Simulationen von Wellendeformationen und Feststofftransport eingesetzt für die hypothetischen Situationen von Wellen mit Inzidenzrichtungen SSE (157.50), S (1800), SSW (202.50) und SW (2250), mit der Variation von großen Wellenhöhen (HS = 1 m, 1,5 m und 2 m) und entsprechenden Spitzenwellenperioden. Die Parametrisierung des numerischen Modells beruht auf den Ergebnissen des empirischen Modells des Feststofftransports des Kieses entlang der Küste sowie auf den Ergebnissen von Laboruntersuchungen für die Breitenkomponente des Kiestransportes. Danach wurde die numerische Simulation der Morphodynamik einer Situation mit starkem Schirokko (am 6.3.2020) eingesetzt unter Anwendung von realen Wellenbedingungen, die auf der Wellenmessstation in der unmittelbarer Nähe des Strandes Ploče aufgenommen wurden sowie unter Anwendung der Dynamik der Meeresspiegel, die auf der mareographischen Station Bakar erfasst wurde. Die Simulationsergebnisse für die realen Umweltbedingungen wurden durch Vergleich von Positionen und Mengen an erodiertem/akkumuliertem Material entlang des Strandes mit der Bearbeitung der Geländeaufnahme in Form einer Punktwolke verifiziert. Die auf Grund von den Aufnahmen erfassten Gesamtvolumina von erodiertem und akkumuliertem Kies stehen im Einklang mit den Modellwerten

Behandlung des in der Klärwasseranlage entstandenen Belebtschlammes durch Kompostierung

U današnje vrijeme porastom broja stanovnika te razvojem industrije globalno raste količina nastalih otpadnih voda koje je potrebno obraditi. U postupku biološke obrade otpadnih voda generira se aktivni mulj kojeg je potrebno zbrinuti na odgovarajući način. U ovom radu ispitana je učinkovitost obrade mulja s uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) grada Vrgorca procesom kompostiranja, odnosno odredio se optimalan omjer mulja (M) i supstrata (S) na temelju maksimalne konverzije, trajanja termofilne faze i temperature. U tu svrhu ispitani su različiti omjeri mješavine S i M (SP – samo biootpad, P1 – S/M = 2,5:1 ; P2 – S/M = 5:1 ; P3 – S/M = 7:1) u reaktorima radnog volumena, Vr = 1 L. U pokusima SP, P1, P2 i P3 postignuta je konverzija od 43 %, 64 %, 56 % te 53 %, maksimalna temperatura iznosila je 57,1 °C, 58,3 °C, 61,4 °C odnosno 62,8 °C, a termofilna faza trajala je 3, 13, 7, i 5 dana. Najučinkovitiji pokus (P1) prenesen je u veće mjerilo, u reaktor radnog volumena Vr = 10 L, gdje se proveo pokus P4. U pokusu P4 postignuta je konverzija od 56 % s maksimalnom temperaturom od 57,48 °C i trajanjem termofilne faze od 4 dana.At present, due to population growth and industrial development, there is a global increase in generated wastewater quantities that require treatment. Active sludge generated in the biological procedure of wastewater treatment requires adequate disposal. The paper examines the efficiency of sludge treatment at the Vrgorac wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using the composting process. The optimal ratio of sludge (M) and substrate (S) was determined based on maximum conversion, thermophilic stage duration and temperature. To this end, different ratios of the S and M mixture were tested (SP – only biowaste, P1 – S/M = 2.5:1 ; P2 – S/M = 5:1 ; P3 – S/M = 7:1) in reactors of working volume Vr = 1 L. In the tests SP, P1, P2 and P3, the achieved conversion ranged from 43 %, 64 %, 56 % to 53 %, respectively, maximum temperature was 57.1 °C, 58.3 °C, 61.4 °C and 62.8 °C, while the thermophilic stage lasted 3, 13, 7 and 5 days. The most efficient test (P1) was transferred to a larger scale, in the reactor with working volume Vr = 10 L, where the test P4 was conducted. In the test P4, the achieved conversion equalled 56 %, with maximum temperature of 57.48 °C and thermophilic stage duration of 4 days.Mit der Steigerung der Einwohnerzahl und der industriellen Entwicklung wächst auch die Menge der zu behandelnden Abwässer. Im Laufe der biologischen Behandlung der Abwässer entsteht Belebtschlamm, der auf entsprechende Weise entsorgt werden muss. In dieser Untersuchung wurde die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung des in der Klärwasseranlage der Stadt Vrgorac entstandenen Belebtschlammes durch Kompostierung geprüft. Außerdem wurde das optimale Verhältnis zwischen Schlamm (M) und Substrat (S) auf Grund der maximalen Umwandlung, der Dauer der thermophilen Phase und der Temperatur festgestellt. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden unterschiedliche Verhältnisse von S und M (SP – nur Bioabfall, P1 – S/M = 2,5:1 ; P2 – S/M = 5:1 ; P3 – S/M = 7:1) in den Reaktoren mit Betriebsvolumen Vr = 1 L untersucht. In den Versuchen SP, P1, P2 und P3 wurde die Umwandlung von 43 %, 64 %, 56 % bzw. 53 % erzielt, die maximal gemessene Temperatur betrug 57,1 °C, 58,3 °C, 61,4 °C bzw. 62,8 °C, und die thermophile Phase dauerte 3, 13, 7 bzw. 5 Tage. Der wirksamste Versuch (P1) wurde in einen größeren Maßstab übertragen, nämlich, in den Reaktor mit Betriebsvolumen Vr = 10 L, wo der Versuch P4 durchgeführt wurde. In diesem Versuch wurde die Umwandlung von 56 % mit maximaler Temperatur von 57,48 °C und der Dauer der thermophilen Phase von 4 Tagen erreicht

Behandlung des in der Klärwasseranlage entstandenen Belebtschlammes durch Kompostierung

U današnje vrijeme porastom broja stanovnika te razvojem industrije globalno raste količina nastalih otpadnih voda koje je potrebno obraditi. U postupku biološke obrade otpadnih voda generira se aktivni mulj kojeg je potrebno zbrinuti na odgovarajući način. U ovom radu ispitana je učinkovitost obrade mulja s uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) grada Vrgorca procesom kompostiranja, odnosno odredio se optimalan omjer mulja (M) i supstrata (S) na temelju maksimalne konverzije, trajanja termofilne faze i temperature. U tu svrhu ispitani su različiti omjeri mješavine S i M (SP – samo biootpad, P1 – S/M = 2,5:1 ; P2 – S/M = 5:1 ; P3 – S/M = 7:1) u reaktorima radnog volumena, Vr = 1 L. U pokusima SP, P1, P2 i P3 postignuta je konverzija od 43 %, 64 %, 56 % te 53 %, maksimalna temperatura iznosila je 57,1 °C, 58,3 °C, 61,4 °C odnosno 62,8 °C, a termofilna faza trajala je 3, 13, 7, i 5 dana. Najučinkovitiji pokus (P1) prenesen je u veće mjerilo, u reaktor radnog volumena Vr = 10 L, gdje se proveo pokus P4. U pokusu P4 postignuta je konverzija od 56 % s maksimalnom temperaturom od 57,48 °C i trajanjem termofilne faze od 4 dana.At present, due to population growth and industrial development, there is a global increase in generated wastewater quantities that require treatment. Active sludge generated in the biological procedure of wastewater treatment requires adequate disposal. The paper examines the efficiency of sludge treatment at the Vrgorac wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using the composting process. The optimal ratio of sludge (M) and substrate (S) was determined based on maximum conversion, thermophilic stage duration and temperature. To this end, different ratios of the S and M mixture were tested (SP – only biowaste, P1 – S/M = 2.5:1 ; P2 – S/M = 5:1 ; P3 – S/M = 7:1) in reactors of working volume Vr = 1 L. In the tests SP, P1, P2 and P3, the achieved conversion ranged from 43 %, 64 %, 56 % to 53 %, respectively, maximum temperature was 57.1 °C, 58.3 °C, 61.4 °C and 62.8 °C, while the thermophilic stage lasted 3, 13, 7 and 5 days. The most efficient test (P1) was transferred to a larger scale, in the reactor with working volume Vr = 10 L, where the test P4 was conducted. In the test P4, the achieved conversion equalled 56 %, with maximum temperature of 57.48 °C and thermophilic stage duration of 4 days.Mit der Steigerung der Einwohnerzahl und der industriellen Entwicklung wächst auch die Menge der zu behandelnden Abwässer. Im Laufe der biologischen Behandlung der Abwässer entsteht Belebtschlamm, der auf entsprechende Weise entsorgt werden muss. In dieser Untersuchung wurde die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung des in der Klärwasseranlage der Stadt Vrgorac entstandenen Belebtschlammes durch Kompostierung geprüft. Außerdem wurde das optimale Verhältnis zwischen Schlamm (M) und Substrat (S) auf Grund der maximalen Umwandlung, der Dauer der thermophilen Phase und der Temperatur festgestellt. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden unterschiedliche Verhältnisse von S und M (SP – nur Bioabfall, P1 – S/M = 2,5:1 ; P2 – S/M = 5:1 ; P3 – S/M = 7:1) in den Reaktoren mit Betriebsvolumen Vr = 1 L untersucht. In den Versuchen SP, P1, P2 und P3 wurde die Umwandlung von 43 %, 64 %, 56 % bzw. 53 % erzielt, die maximal gemessene Temperatur betrug 57,1 °C, 58,3 °C, 61,4 °C bzw. 62,8 °C, und die thermophile Phase dauerte 3, 13, 7 bzw. 5 Tage. Der wirksamste Versuch (P1) wurde in einen größeren Maßstab übertragen, nämlich, in den Reaktor mit Betriebsvolumen Vr = 10 L, wo der Versuch P4 durchgeführt wurde. In diesem Versuch wurde die Umwandlung von 56 % mit maximaler Temperatur von 57,48 °C und der Dauer der thermophilen Phase von 4 Tagen erreicht