Investigation of the Flux Flow-inhibiting Effect of a Hole-opened Superconducting Bulk Magnet

AbstractA hole-opened bulk material has been proposed to supply magnetic flux into the large-size and high-performance bulk efficiently because superconductivity is intentionally lowered in the portion with holes. We were anxious about the flux flow in a high applied field, while it was confirmed that the flux flow was suppressed in a high applied field at a low temperature. To examine the flux flow-inhibiting effect in detail, in this paper, the time response of flux density in four portions, between the holes, the inside of the inner holes, the side opposite the holes, and the center, was measured. Although small holes served as a channel and magnetic flux flew out through a channel just after applying a pulsed field, a channel closed for up to 0.2seconds, flux flow was disturbed, and then the magnetic flux was trapped. As Jc increased with a decrease in temperature, a channel closed more quickly, and a trapped field was enhanced

Influência da integridade dos frutos de taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) in natura na qualidade da polpa congelada.

Encontrado na região Amazônica o taperebá é um fruto amplamente consumido, em função do sabor agradável, boa composição nutricional e presença de carotenoides. A comercialização como polpa congelada é a forma de beneficiamento mais usual no Brasil. A polpa do fruto é revestida por uma casca fina, facilmente rompida por choque mecânico, o tornando muito perecível. A coleta dos frutos na Amazônica é feita de forma manual, quando maduros se desprendem das árvores (altura de 20 a 30 metros), sendo então coletados no solo ou em telas de proteção. Tal prática resulta na perda de integridade da maioria dos frutos, o que torna mais rápida a deterioração dos mesmos. Entretanto, não há registros científicos relacionando a qualidade da polpa com a integridade dos frutos. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar esta influência, realizando a caracterização físico-química, estudos de compostos bioativos e análise microbiológica. Resultados mostraram que a polpa obtida através de frutos mais íntegros apresentou maiores teores de compostos fenólicos, vitamina C, sólidos solúveis e açúcares totais, podendo indicar que os frutos batidos possivelmente sofreram ligeiro processo fermentativo. Análises microbiológicas apresentaram contagens de bactérias e bolores e leveduras superiores, além da detecção de coliformes, inclusive fecais. Tais resultados reforçam a necessidade de técnicas mais apropriadas de coleta e da prática de pasteurização para polpa, visando a qualidade do produto final

Transforming phylogenetic networks: Moving beyond tree space

Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that are used to represent reticulate evolution. Unrooted phylogenetic networks form a special class of such networks, which naturally generalize unrooted phylogenetic trees. In this paper we define two operations on unrooted phylogenetic networks, one of which is a generalization of the well-known nearest-neighbor interchange (NNI) operation on phylogenetic trees. We show that any unrooted phylogenetic network can be transformed into any other such network using only these operations. This generalizes the well-known fact that any phylogenetic tree can be transformed into any other such tree using only NNI operations. It also allows us to define a generalization of tree space and to define some new metrics on unrooted phylogenetic networks. To prove our main results, we employ some fascinating new connections between phylogenetic networks and cubic graphs that we have recently discovered. Our results should be useful in developing new strategies to search for optimal phylogenetic networks, a topic that has recently generated some interest in the literature, as well as for providing new ways to compare networks

Improved Dynamical Constraints on the Masses of the Central Black Holes in Nearby Low-mass Early-type Galactic Nuclei And the First Black Hole Determination for NGC 205

We improve the dynamical black hole (BH) mass estimates in three nearby low-mass early-type galaxies--NGC 205, NGC 5102, and NGC 5206. We use new \hst/STIS spectroscopy to fit the star formation histories of the nuclei in these galaxies, and use these measurements to create local color--mass-to-light ratio (\ml) relations. We then create new mass models from \hst~imaging and combined with adaptive optics kinematics, we use Jeans dynamical models to constrain their BH masses. The masses of the central BHs in NGC 5102 and NGC 5206 are both below one million solar masses and are consistent with our previous estimates, $9.12_{-1.53}^{+1.84}\times10^5$\Msun~and $6.31_{-2.74}^{+1.06}\times10^5$\Msun~(3$\sigma$ errors), respectively. However, for NGC 205, the improved models suggest the presence of a BH for the first time, with a best-fit mass of $6.8_{-6.7}^{+95.6}\times10^3$\Msun~(3$\sigma$ errors). This is the least massive central BH mass in a galaxy detected using any method. We discuss the possible systematic errors of this measurement in detail. Using this BH mass, the existing upper limits of both X-ray, and radio emissions in the nucleus of NGC 205 suggest an accretion rate $\lesssim$$10^{-5}$ of the Eddington rate. We also discuss the color--\mleff~relations in our nuclei and find that the slopes of these vary significantly between nuclei. Nuclei with significant young stellar populations have steeper color--\mleff~relations than some previously published galaxy color--\mleff~relations.Comment: 31 pages, 19 figures, 6 tables, Accepted to Ap

Bighorn Basin Coring Project (BBCP): a continental perspective on early Paleogene hyperthermals

During the summer of 2011, the Bighorn Basin Coring Project (BBCP) recovered over 900m of overlapping core from 3 different sites in late Paleocene to early Eocene fluvial deposits of northwestern Wyoming. BBCP cores are being used to develop high-resolution proxy records of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) hyperthermal events. These events are short-term, large magnitude global warming events associated with extreme perturbations to the earth’s carbon cycle. Although the PETM and ETM2 occurred ~55–52 million years ago, they are analogous in many ways to modern anthropogenic changes to the carbon cycle. By applying various sedimentological, geochemical, and palynological methods to the cores, we hope to better understand what caused these events, study the biogeochemical and ecological feedbacks that operated during them, and reveal precisely how they impacted continental environments. Core recovery was > 98% in all holes and most drilling was carried out without fluid additives, showing that continuous coring of continental smectitic deposits like these can be achieved with minimal risk of contamination to molecular biomarkers. Cores were processed in the Bremen Core Repository where the science team convened for 17 days to carry out data collection and sampling protocols similar to IODP projects. Initial results show that the weathered horizon extends to as much as ~30m below the surface and variations in magnetic susceptibility within the cores record an interplay between grain size and pedogenesis. Previous investigations of outcrops near the BBCP drill sites allow detailed evaluation of the effects of weathering on common proxy methods. Studies of lithofacies, organic geochemistry, stable isotope geochemistry, calibrated XRF core scanning, paleomagnetics, and palynology are underway and will represent the highest resolution and most integrated proxy records of the PETM from a continental setting yet known. An extensive outreach program is in place to capitalize on the educational value associated with the Bighorn Basin’s unusually complete record of Phanerozoic earth history

Collagen-producing lung cell atlas identifies multiple subsets with distinct localization and relevance to fibrosis

Collagen-producing cells maintain the complex architecture of the lung and drive pathologic scarring in pulmonary fibrosis. Here we perform single-cell RNA-sequencing to identify all collagen-producing cells in normal and fibrotic lungs. We characterize multiple collagen-producing subpopulations with distinct anatomical localizations in different compartments of murine lungs. One subpopulation, characterized by expression of Cthrc1 (collagen triple helix repeat containing 1), emerges in fibrotic lungs and expresses the highest levels of collagens. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of human lungs, including those from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and scleroderma patients, demonstrate similar heterogeneity and CTHRC1-expressing fibroblasts present uniquely in fibrotic lungs. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization show that these cells are concentrated within fibroblastic foci. We purify collagen-producing subpopulations and find disease-relevant phenotypes of Cthrc1-expressing fibroblasts in in vitro and adoptive transfer experiments. Our atlas of collagen-producing cells provides a roadmap for studying the roles of these unique populations in homeostasis and pathologic fibrosis