Measuring Fiscal Decentralization in the Philippines

This paper focuses on the fiscal decentralization in the Philippines after the 1991 Local Government Code. It first examines the intergovernmental fiscal relationship between central and local governments by using fiscal decentralization indicators, and then investigates its impact on local finance. After fiscal decentralization, the local expenditure responsibility is expanded while the local fiscal capacity is not strengthened in the Philippines. Local governments consequently comes to depend heavily on fiscal transfers from the central government, internal revenue allotments (IRAs), which has a substantial influence on local finance. The heavy dependence on IRAs makes local finance unpredictable and unstable. The distribution of IRAs also affects the horizontal balance between provincial governments.Fiscal Decentralization, Fiscal Decentralization Indicators, Horizontal Balance, The Philippines, Philippines, Decentralization, Local Finance

Measuring Fiscal Decentralization in the Philippines

This paper focuses on the fiscal decentralization in the Philippines after the 1991Local Government Code. It first examines the intergovernmental fiscal relationshipbetween central and local governments by using fiscal decentralization indicators,and then investigates its impact on local finance. After fiscal decentralization, thelocal expenditure responsibility is expanded while the local fiscal capacity is notstrengthened in the Philippines. Local governments consequently comes to dependheavily on fiscal transfers from the central government, internal revenue allotments(IRAs), which has a substantial influence on local finance. The heavy dependence onIRAs makes local finance unpredictable and unstable. The distribution of IRAs alsoaffects the horizontal balance between provincial governments

Primeiro isolamento de Dengue 4 no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2011

We report the first isolation of Dengue virus 4 (DENV-4) in the state of São Paulo, from two patients - one living in São José do Rio Preto and the other one in Paulo de Faria, both cities located in the Northwest region of the state. The virus isolations were accomplished in the clone C6/36 Aedes albopictus cell line, followed by indirect immunofluorescence assays, performed with type-specific monoclonal antibodies that showed positive reactions for DENV-4. The results were confirmed by Nested RT-PCR and Real-Time RT-PCR assays. The introduction of DENV-4 in a country that already has to deal with the transmission of three other serotypes increases the possibility of the occurrence of more severe cases of the disease. The importance of early detection of dengue cases, before the virus spreads and major outbreaks occur, should be emphasized.Relatamos o primeiro isolamento do vírus Dengue 4 (DENV-4) no Estado de São Paulo, de dois pacientes residentes em São José do Rio Preto e Paulo de Faria, ambos municípios localizados na região Noroeste do Estado. O isolamento do vírus foi realizado em clone C6/36, linhagem de células de Aedes albopictus seguido por imunofluorescência indireta, realizada com anticorpos monoclonais tipo específicos, que apresentou reação positiva para DENV-4. Os resultados foram confirmados por testes de Nested RT-PCR e RT-PCR em Tempo Real. A introdução do DENV-4 no país, com uma população suscetível a esse vírus e que já convive com a transmissão de outros três sorotipos, aumenta a possibilidade da ocorrência de casos mais graves da doença. Deve ser enfatizada a importância da detecção precoce de casos de dengue, antes que ocorra a propagação do vírus e que surtos importantes aconteçam

Avaliação da detecção do antígeno NS1 para diagnóstico de dengue nos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Estado de São Paulo, 2009

The present work evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of detection of Dengue NS1 antigen employing two NS1 assays, an immunochromatographic assay and ELISA, in the diagnostic routine of Public Health laboratories. The results obtained with NS1 assay were compared with virus isolation and, in a subpopulation of cases, they were compared with the IgM-ELISA results obtained with convalescent samples. A total of 2,321 sera samples were analyzed by one of two NS1 techniques from March to October 2009. The samples were divided into five groups: groups I, II and III included samples tested by NS1 and virus isolation, and groups IV and V included patients with a first sample tested by NS1 and a second sample tested by IgM-ELISA. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, Kappa Index and Kappa Concordance were calculated. The results showed that NS1 testing in groups I, II and III had high sensitivity (98.0%, 99.5% and 99.3%), and predictive values and Kappa index between 0.9 - 1.0. Groups IV and V only had Kappa Concordance calculated, since the samples were analyzed according to the presence of NS1 antigen or IgM antibody. Concordance of 92.1% was observed when comparing the results of NS1-negative samples with IgM-ELISA. Based on the findings, it is possible to suggest that the tests for NS1 detection may be important tools for monitoring the introduction and spread of Dengue serotypes.Esse estudo avaliou a acurácia do diagnóstico por detecção do antígeno NS1 do vírus Dengue empregando-se ensaios em dois formatos, imunocromatográfico e ELISA, na rotina diagnóstica dos laboratórios de Saúde Pública. Compararam-se os resultados de NS1 com os resultados de isolamento viral e, em parte dos casos, foi feita a comparação com os resultados de IgM-ELISA, obtidos nas segundas amostras. Um total de 2.321 amostras de soros, obtidas no período de março a outubro de 2009, foram analisadas por uma das duas técnicas NS1. As amostras foram divididas em cinco grupos: I, II e III, que incluíram amostras analisadas por testes NS1 e por isolamento de vírus. Os grupos IV e V incluíram pacientes com a primeira amostra processada por NS1 e segunda por IgM-ELISA. Foram analisadas sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo, concordância e índice Kappa. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos I, II e III apresentaram alta sensibilidade (98,0%, 99,5% e 99,3%), valores preditivos e índice Kappa entre 0,9 - 1,0. Nos grupos IV e V, apenas concordância foi calculada, dado que as amostras foram analisadas quanto à presença de antígeno NS1 ou de anticorpos IgM. Comparando-se os resultados negativos de NS1 com IgM-ELISA houve 92,1% de concordância. Com base nas constatações feitas, é possível sugerir que a detecção de NS1 pode ser importante ferramenta para monitorar a introdução e disseminação dos sorotipos de Dengue

Epizootias de febre amarela em primatas não humanos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2008-2009

Desde 2000, vem sendo observada a expansão da febre amarela (FA) no Sudeste do Brasil, sendo detectados casos em áreas consideradas silenciosas por décadas. Epizootias em primatas não humanos (NHPs) são considerados eventos sentinela para a detecção de casos humanos. É importante relatar eventos epizoóticos que podem ter impacto sobre o estado de conservação de espécies sensíveis. Descrevemos as epizootias, notificadas em NHPs no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre setembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Noventa e um eventos epizoóticos, envolvendo 147 animais, foram notificados em 36 municípios. As amostras foram obtidas a partir de 65 animais (44,2%). A maioria das epizootias (46,6%) foram registradas entre março e abril, no mesmo período no qual YF em que casos humanos ocorreram no estado. As amostras biológicas foram coletadas de animais encontrados mortos e enviadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz, em São Paulo. Duas amostras, coletadas em dois municípios, sem indicação para a vacinação de febre amarela, foram positivos para o vírus. Outros 48 animais foram associados com FA por vínculo clínico-epidemiológico com casos confirmados laboratorialmente. Devido a doença em humanos e NHPs terem ocorrido no mesmo período, a detecção do vírus em NHPs não funcionou como sentinela, mas ajudou no processo de delimitação de novas áreas de risco.Since 2000, the expansion of Sylvatic Yellow Fever (YF) has been observed in the southeast of Brazil, being detected in areas considered silent for decades. Epizootics in non-human primates (NHPs) are considered sentinel events for the detection of human cases. It is important to report epizootic events that could have impact on the conservation status of susceptible species. We describe the epizootics in NHPs, notified in state of São Paulo, Brazil, between September 2008 to August 2009. Ninety-one epizootic events, involving 147 animals, were reported in 36 counties. Samples were obtained from 65 animals (44.2%). Most of the epizootics (46.6%) were reported between March and April, the same period during which human cases of YF occurred in the state. Biological samples were collected from animals found dead and were sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz, in São Paulo. Two samples, collected in two counties without an indication for YF vaccination, were positive for the virus. Another 48 animals were associated with YF by clinical-epidemiological linkage with laboratory confirmed cases. Because the disease in human and NHPs occurred in the same period, the detection of the virus in NHPs did not work as sentinel, but aided in the delineation of new areas of risk

Investigation by Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Biomarker Candidates for Aging in the Hair Cortex

BACKGROUND: Human hair is one of the essential components that define appearance and is a useful source of samples for non-invasive biomonitoring. We describe a novel application of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) of hair biomolecules for advanced molecular characterization and a better understanding of hair aging. As a cosmetic and biomedical application, molecules whose levels in hair altered with aging were comprehensively investigated. METHODS: Human hair was collected from 15 young (20±5 years old) and 15 older (50±5 years old) volunteers. Matrix-free laser desorption/ionization IMS was used to visualize molecular distribution in the hair sections. Hair-specific ions displaying a significant difference in the intensities between the 2 age groups were extracted as candidate markers for aging. Tissue localization of the molecules and alterations in their levels in the cortex and medulla in the young and old groups were determined. RESULTS: Among the 31 molecules detected specifically in hair sections, 2--one at m/z 153.00, tentatively assigned to be dihydrouracil, and the other at m/z 207.04, identified to be 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA)--exhibited a higher signal intensity in the young group than in the old, and 1 molecule at m/z 164.00, presumed to be O-phosphoethanolamine, displayed a higher intensity in the old group. Among the 3, putative O-phosphoethanolamine showed a cortex-specific distribution. The 3 molecules in cortex presented the same pattern of alteration in signal intensity with aging, whereas those in medulla did not exhibit significant alteration. CONCLUSION: Three molecules whose levels in hair altered with age were extracted. While they are all possible markers for aging, putative dihydrouracil and DHMA, are also suspected to play a role in maintaining hair properties and could be targets for cosmetic supplementation. Mapping of ion localization in hair by IMS is a powerful method to extract biomolecules in specified regions and determine their tissue distribution