“Pedantan amateur” Karlo Dieneš i društvena uloga fotografije 1920-ih (Sažetak)

Karlo Dieneš, an amateur photographer and pharmacist from Nova Gradiška, left us with a valuable collection of photographs which offers plenty of research opportunities. This research focuses only on their social role. In this paper, we ask three questions: what motifs did he photograph and to what had he aspired in doing so, how did photographs and photography impact his social connections and status, and, finally, how could he present them to the public and thus influence the visual culture of his era.Amaterski fotograf i novogradiški ljekarnik Karlo Dieneš ostavio je vrijednu zbirku fotografija koja nudi široke istraživačke mogućnosti. U ovom smo se istraživanju ograničili samo na njihovu društvenu ulogu. Pri tome smo postavili tri pitanja: koje motive je fotografirao i što mu je u tome bio uzor; kakav je bio utjecaj fotografija i fotografiranja na njegove društvene veze i status; te na koje ih je načine mogao predstaviti javnosti i time utjecati na onodobnu vizualnu kulturu

The organisation of Seljačka Sloga in Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja (1925-1941)

U radu se razmatra širenje djelovanja kulturno-prosvjetne organizacije Hrvatske seljačke stranke Seljačke sloge u Slavoniji u godinama njezina djelovanja između dva svjetska rata (1925.-1929., 1935.-1941.).The cultural and educational organisation Seljačka sloga was a subsidiary association of the HSS (Croatian Peasant Party) and consequently shared the good and the bad with it. In the relatively short periods in which political repression slackened, Seljačka sloga managed to cram in an extraordinary amount of work in all the areas of Croatia (1925 – 1929, 1935 – 1941). Slavonia did not lag behind, and if indeed the expansion of the branch network was a little late during the 1920s, the difference in the density of distribution and in the activities of the Slavonian branches and those of the central area of north west Croatia from which the movement spread could no longer be felt after 1935. Up to 1929, 52 branches were founded in Slavonia, but almost half of this number was set up in the last months of the work of the organisation, partly out of protest against the assassination of HSS delegates in the Parliament in 1928. In this period the area of Western Slavonia was much more thickly covered. During the 1930s, this difference disappeared, and Eastern Slavonia was equally involved in the work of Seljačka sloga. Of the 209 branches working in the area in this period, as many as 61 were founded or revived in the first winter (1935 – 1936), and the level of activity was stepped up again when Banovina Hrvatska was created (winter 1939 – 1940). According to the idea of the leadership of Seljačka sloga, primarily of the president, Rudolf Herceg, all the work in the branches was meant to be taken on by the peasants themselves, and in the 1930s this was largely achieved. The local educated class was fairly well in evidence up to 1929, and later is hardly mentioned. An advance was made in the attraction of women to the branches, in which Slavonia, in spite of the occasional complaint, was much better off than other parts of Croatia. In just a few years of work, Seljačka sloga managed to carry out a great deal of multifarious work: getting rid of illiteracy and encouraging writing mong the peasantry, the preservation of national art, costume and songs, the organisation of educational get-togethers in the countryside and reviews and shows (in Zagreb), still going on today, the foundation of a court of good and honest people (actually creating their own legal system), and many economic initiatives (co-operative societies, accident insurance, charity campaigns). There were at least 9,000 members gathered together in the cause in Slavonia, all ready to carry out its broadly based aims. Unfortunately, the war destroyed most of the foundations that Seljačka sloga had built up so devotedly and with so much self-sacrifice

The Political and Ideological Background of the Design and Iconography on the Banknotes of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1929-1941

Novac Kraljevine Jugoslavije, 1929. - 1941. godine, kao uostalom i svaki drugi novac u prošlosti i danas, odašilje mnoge simboličke poruke na više razina. Njihovim iščitavanjem može se razumjeti državna, nacionalna, politička, ideološka, gospodarska i kulturna usmjerenost jugoslavenske monarhije, pa i najvažnije mijene kroz koje je prolazila. U članku je prikazana politička i ideološka pozadina dizajna i ikonografije novčanica Narodne banke Kraljevine Jugoslavije za ratne novčane rezerve (novčanice “za potrebe zemaljske odbrane” i “za potpuno izvanredne potrebe”). Te novčanice nisu bile predviđene za redovni optjecaj, pa ili nisu bile izdane ili su puštene u optjecaj (prema svim pokazateljima tek 8. 4. 1941.) tek početkom rata u Jugoslaviji. Tako su u novčanom prometu bile samo kraće vrijeme, do njihova povlačenja i zamjene, pretežito tijekom 1941. godine.The money of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1929-1941, like any other money in the past and present, sends many symbolical messages on several levels, whose reading allows us to understand state, national, political, ideological, economic and cultural conditions, and the most important changes through which the Yugoslav Kingdom passed in the second decade of its existence

“She got as much as her parents gave her, and not according to the law!” Changes in woman’s status in farm families in Prigorje and Hrvatsko Zagorje between the two world wars

U članku se razmatra na koji su način šire društvene, gospodarske i pravne promjene utjecale na seljačku obitelj. MoguÊnost primjene odredbi građanskog zakona, prema kojima žena ima pravo nasljeđivati zemlju, te pojačana gospodarska uloga žena (kao radne snage, ali i kao člana koji ima vlastite izvore prihoda kroz “žensku” trgovinu, a katkad i veće sposobnosti od muža za trgovinu i zastupanje obitelji u javnim poslovima) ojačavala je status žene, iako se to još u mentalitetu ili javnom iskazivanju nije pokazivalo.The article describes the manner in which general social, economic and legal changes influenced farm families. The possibility of application of the civil law, according to which a woman had the right to inherit land, as well as the increasingly strong role of women (as labour force, but also as family members with their own sources of income through the “women’s” trade, and sometimes due to their better capacities than their husbands’ for trade and representing of family in public affairs) reinforced the status of women, although it was not shown yet in the mentality or expressed in public. As was the case in other counties, the common law of inheritance was being abandoned slowly and with hardships. When determining a farmland heir, between the two wars, two principles were applied: the principle stemming from the traditional communal household law, and the new civil-law principle. According to the first principle, direct male heirs inherited land (patrilinear principle), and the older generation did not have the right to decide on the issue; and according to the other one, owner of the land had the right to decide on the heirs (limited only by the right to a necessary portion). These two opposing legal principles in reality enabled one to find various solutions, suitable to one’s economic capabilities and personal attitude. Wherever possible, the rule that the land was to be left to sons, and daughters were given only the traditional dowry, was still being respected. But, the legal right resulted in the increasingly frequent position that land was a part of dowry. If a daughter could not get her piece of land, it was considered that she was entitled to a buy-out, if necessary in deferred payment. Unless bought out in any form, a daughter could claim her share in inheritance proceedings after the parent’s death. To avoid this, after the dowry was agreed on, a daughter was requested to renounce any further heritage claims. Inheriting by women worsened the already great fragmentation of land, due to which not all sons could get their part. Women’s right to get a piece of land on one side, and insufficiently large farms, from which they should get a share, on the other, led to increased “bargaining” between parents and the families the girls married into, where the discussions were always dominated by men. Although women could not decide on the land issues, as they did not own it, the land meant prestige and a better status in their husbands’ families. The change in the status of women can be observed from the distribution of work according to the sexes. In reduced families, traditional distribution could not be kept as strict as earlier. Nevertheless, women were taking on men’s duties much more often than the other way round, especially in the incomplete families. Unequal possibility of another marriage, which in case of women almost did not exist, contributed to this fact. In small families, women were able to stand out owing to their abilities, and become heads of families. Status of women was based primarily on their economic role (irreplaceable labour force, her own sources of income through “women’s” trade), and also on the increasing possibility that they would inherit land (the main capital one lives on). Although the families, in which women played the leading role, were becoming more numerous, the traditional patriarchal understanding of women’s role and duties did not change significantly

Državni centralizam i samouprava – pitanje supsidijarnosti u međuratnoj Hrvatskoj

Uvodnik tematskog broja

»ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES OF \u27SELJAČKA SLOGA\u27«

U radu se razmatra kako je djelovala u prvim godinama svoga postojanja najznačajnija organizacija za kulturno-prosvjetni rad na selu u međuratnom razdoblju - »Seljačka sloga«.Seljačka Sloga (Peasant Unity) was the most important organization for cultural advancement and education among peasants in Croatia during the interwar period. The idea for such an organization was first conceived in 1920, but for political reasons, was not established until 1925. In spite of insufficient financial resources, the results proved to be overwhelming. For the four years of the organization\u27s existence, 216 branches were founded throughout Croatia which numbered over 9000 members. Seljačka Sloga\u27s most important activities included: courses in literacy, general lectures on varied subjects, and cultural and folkloric activities. Politically, the organization was a part of the Croatian Peasant Party, by far the most important political party at the time. With the coming of King Aleksandar\u27s dictatorship. Seljačka Sloga was forced to disband. This was a huge blow to the Croatian peasantry