Stabilization policy in multi-country models

This paper analyzes the international transmission of economic distur-bances in a three-country world where two countries have no macroeconomic impact on a third country but are large enough to influence each other un-der fixed and flexible exchange rates. While the fixed exchange rate (FER) regime is shown to insulate the domestic economy from monetary shocks, the flexible exchange rate (FLER) regime is shown to be effective in dam-pening the impact of real shocks on domestic Output. As far as the shocks coming from the large country are concemed, the exchange rate flexibility serves as an important tool in reducing the variability of output

The transmission of correlated shocks under mixed exchange rates

SIGLEAvailable from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel W 113 (245) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

The international transmission of economic shocks in a three-country world under mixed exchange rates

SIGLEAvailable from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel W 113 (216) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

International transmission of economic shocks: the case of mixed exchange rates in a three-country world

SIGLEAvailable from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel W 113 (178) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Coatability and characterization of fly ash deposited on mild steel by detonation spraying

Recently, considerable emphasis has been placed on the processing of low-grade ore minerals through thermal spray techniques. In the present investigation, the suitability of detonation spray system for coating fly ash onto a mild steel substrate has been demonstrated. Resultant coatings are 2-3 times harder than the substrate material and also exhibit a 3-fold reduction in coefficient of friction under sliding wear conditions. However, these coatings exhibit poor sliding wear resistance

The tribological behaviour of detonation sprayed TiMo(CN) based cermet coatings

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tribological performance of 200 μm thick TiMo(CN)-28Co and TiMo(CN)-36NiCo coatings obtained using the detonation spray coating system. Towards the above purpose, the detonation spray coating conditions were optimized to obtain the best coating properties (low porosity, high wear resistance) by varying two of the important coating process variables, i.e., oxygen to fuel ratio and gas volume. In both the coatings it was observed that the best tribological performance and also the lowest porosity were obtained at intermediate OF ratios. However, the coatings with the highest hardness did not exhibit the best tribological performance. A comparison of the tribological performance of the optimized TiMo(CN) type coatings with that of optimized WC-Co coatings revealed that the abrasion resistance of TiMo(CN) type coatings is comparable to that of WC-Co coatings. However, the erosion and sliding wear resistance of TiMo(CN) type coatings were considerably lower than that of WC-Co coatings

Effect of process parameters and heat treatments on properties of cold sprayed copper coatings

Cold gas dynamic spraying or cold spray is specifically suitable to obtain high-conductivity copper coatings for a variety of applications. Copper coatings at different coating parameters were deposited and subjected to various post treatments. The effect of process parameters and the treatment conditions on coating properties such as electrical conductivity, porosity, microhardness etc., was studied. The as-coated specimens exhibited low conductivities and conductivity was found to improve with heat treatment. Treatments were carried out in vacuum at different temperatures and for different durations and conductivities close to bulk annealed copper were achieved. Good correlation was observed between the conductivity, porosity and hardness of the as-coated and heat-treated specimens. Similar correlations were observed between conductivity-porosity and hardness-porosity of the coatings and the relative influence of cold work and porosity on coating properties was determined

Application of Taguchi method to the optimization of detonation spraying process

The present study deals with an application of the Taguchi method to the optimization of a detonation spray process for alumina coatings. Coating experiments were conducted using the TaguchUfractional factorial (L8) design parametric study to optimize spray process parameters. The Taguchi design evaluated the effects of four detonation spray process parameters: acetylene to oxygen ratio, carrier gas flow rate, frequency of detonations and spray distance. The coating qualities evaluated were surface roughness, porosity, microhardness, and abrasion mass loss. The influence of process parameters on the as-sprayed coating qualities is discussed. The results of the study indicate that the higher fuel ratio and lower spray distance will result in higher hardness, lower porosity and lower abrasion mass loss. The Taguchi analysis employed in the present investigation led to optimized process parameters for the most abrasive wear resistant alumina coatings

Thermal spray coating of aluminum nitride utilizing the detonation spray technique

The main objective of this work is to examine the feasibility of depositing aluminum nitride (AlN) powders, synthesized using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, on a mild steel substrate using the detonation spray coating technique. Thick coatings produced by utilizing the AlN powder were obtained at four different oxygen-acetylene ratios and analyzed for microstructure, microhardness, porosity, indentation fracture toughness, and phase distribution. The AlN powder particles were found to be undergoing oxidation during the deposition process. The interrelationship between the spray parameters and the extent of oxidation of AlN during the coating process was investigated. Tribological performance of the coatings was evaluated using a dry sand abrasion test and a pin-on-disc sliding wear test. The mechanical and tribological properties of the above four coatings were compared with pure alumina (Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>) coatings. The correlation between the structure of the coatings and their tribological performance was also established

The influence of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of cold sprayed silver coatings

Cold spray coating technology is a promising low temperature variant of thermal spray technology which can deposit pure, dense and thick coatings at a rapid rate. Unlike the other thermal spray coating techniques, cold spray is especially suitable for depositing coatings with high electrical and thermal conductivity as the integrity of the feedstock is maintained during the coating process. In the present study, the effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of silver coatings has been investigated. An attempt has been made to correlate the powder particle velocity with the properties and microstructure of the coating. The effect of heat treatment temperature and atmosphere on the properties of the coatings, especially electrical conductivity, has been studied in detail in conjunction with a thorough analysis of the evolution of microstructure of the coatings