Trayectoria escolar y género en ingeniería civil, el caso de la UAEMéx

En archivos universitarios se obtuvieron los datos de la trayectoria escolar de todos los alumnos matriculados en la licenciatura de ingeniería civil desde su creación en 1956 hasta 2006, conformando una base de datos con 3 630 registros individuales. Aplicando el índice de masculinidad, se analiza la distribución por género del ingreso, el egreso y la titulación. En el periodo 1956-1961 no ingresó ninguna mujer a la carrera, la primera lo hizo en 1962, sólo después de ocho años ingresó la segunda y fue hasta 1972 en que se estabilizó el ingreso femenino. Los índices de masculinidad del ingreso se reducen de 180 hombres por cada mujer en el quinquenio 1961-1965 hasta 3.9 hombres por cada mujer en el quinquenio 2001-2005. Similares comportamientos presentan los índices de masculinidad del egreso y de la titulación profesional. Las mujeres presentan índices mayores que los hombres en las relaciones egreso/ingreso y titulación/ingreso, lo que apunta a una mayor eficiencia terminal en el estrato femenino

Experimental investigation on the detection of fatigue failures in hydraulic turbines

Hydroelectric power stations are nowadays one of the most important ways to obtain a clean and sustainable electricity supply. Actually, hydroelectric energy is the most renewable energy used in the world. Even so, there still exists a very important potential of development in many areas in these kinds of stations. These plants use mainly 3 types of turbines, called Francis, Kaplan, and Pelton, to obtain electricity due to the flow of water through its blades. We will focus our project on the Kaplan turbines. For doing so, the core of this project was the use of a flat disk of six blades linked with a shaft, which is a simplification of a Kaplan turbine. After installing it in a test rig of reduced scale in a laboratory, some experimental analysis were carried out. The project intention was to investigate the feasibility of detecting fatigue cracks in submerged structures such as Kaplan turbine blades by means of adequate sensors, measurement techniques and signal processing tools. For that, a series of experiments have been carried out in a laboratory with a simplified structure where a fatigue failure has been artificially provoked, which keeps similarity with the cracks observed in actual hydraulic turbines. Various detection techniques have been tested and evaluated to determine their capability to achieve the expected objective. To define a representative crack, before the experiments in the laboratory, some numerical simulations have been carried out to better understand the fracture mechanisms involved, and those simulations have been used to select the best experimental set up in the laboratory machines. Software like SolidWorks or Ansys have been used to simulate the appearance and spread of a crack in the disk until the failure of the structure. To analyze the effect of fatigue in the simplified structure used, a modal analysis has been carried out using instrumentation like accelerometers, software like Labview and theory about vibrations in machines. During this project, thus, the concepts of vibrational behavior and fatigue phenomena have gone hand in hand. Results obtained were really similar between the experiments and the numerical simulations. For the most destructive frequencies, the way that our structure vibrated with a crack practically matched between the numerical simulation and the experiments. Regarding some other frequencies of higher value, results were even closer. Moreover, the variation of frequency as the crack spreads presents a characteristic shape, similar to other machines. Due to the results obtained, I can confirm that it is possible to detect fatigue cracks that appear in the blades of a turbine and identify, by the vibration of the structure, the length of that crack. Linking the brands of studies mentioned (both numerical and experimental), the results obtained, the path we have followed to obtain these results, and with further studies, the future work will try to develop predictive maintenance techniques in actual hydraulic machines in order to avoid failures in the hydroelectric power stations due to the effect of fatigueObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No ContaminantObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructur

El sostenimiento de la educación en México

Los recursos asignados a la educación se reconocen como la inversión más rentable que se pueda hacer para impulsar el desarrollo de un país, pero son escasos los estudios sobre el sostenimiento del sistema educativo mexicano en su conjunto. En este trabajo se analiza la evolución en los últimos años del gasto educativo en México, la participación de los sectores público y privado, las disposiciones legales al respecto y la medida en que se cumplen. La situación nacional se evalúa en el contexto de la OCDE. Se recurre a indicadores inclusivos en lugar de números absolutos para facilitar la comprensión de las grandes cantidades que involucran los análisis y a precios internacionales para permitir comparaciones directas entre países con economías asimétricas

RECEPTOR MOBILITY AND CYTOSKELETAL DYNAMICS AT THE IMMUNE SYNAPSE: THE ROLE OF ACTIN REGULATORY PROTEINS

Spatial and temporal regulation of actin and microtubule dynamics is of utmost importance for many cellular processes at different sub-cellular length scales. This is particularly relevant for cells of the immune system, which must respond rapidly and accurately to protect the host, where B cells and T cells are the main players during the adaptive immune response. An understanding of the biophysical principles underlying cytoskeletal dynamics and regulation of signaling will help elucidate the fundamental mechanisms driving B and T cell immune response. B cell receptor (BCR) diffusivity is modulated by signaling activation, however the factors linking mobility and signaling state are not completely understood. I used single molecule imaging to examine BCR mobility during signaling activation and a novel machine learning based method to classify BCR trajectories into distinct diffusive states. Inhibition of actin dynamics downstream of the actin nucleating factors Arp2/3 and formins resulted decreased BCR mobility. Loss of the Arp2/3 regulator, N-WASP, which is associated with enhanced signaling, leads to a predominance of BCR trajectories with lower diffusivity. Furthermore, loss of N-WASP reduces diffusivity of the stimulatory co-receptor CD19, but not that of unstimulated FcγRIIB, an inhibitory co-receptor. Our results implicate the dynamic actin network in fine-tuning receptor mobility and receptor-ligand interactions, thereby modulating B cell signaling. Activation of T cells leads to the formation of the immunological synapse (IS) with an antigen presenting cell (APC). This requires T cell polarization and coordination between the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton. The interactions between the different cytoskeletal components during T cell activation are not well understood. I use high-resolution fluorescence microscopy to study actin-microtubule crosstalk during IS formation. Microtubules in actin rich zones display more deformed shapes and higher dynamics compared to MTs at the actin-depleted region. Chemical inhibition of formin and myosin activation reduced MT deformations, suggesting that actomyosin contractility plays an important role in defining MT shapes. Interestingly MT growth was slowed by formin inhibition and resulting enrichment of Arp2/3 nucleated actin networks. These observations indicate an important mechanical coupling between the actomyosin and microtubule systems where different actin structures influence microtubule dynamics in distinct ways

O adolescente do sexo masculino antes do aborto, gravidez e parto

A prospective quasi-experimental intervention study was carried out, with the objective of knowing the level of knowledge about pregnancy, childbirth and abortion of male adolescents. A quasi-experimental prospective intervention study was carried out with 420 male adolescents from the schools: "General Milanés" Technique and the "Vitalio Acuña Polytechnic" from the Bayamo municipality in the Granma province, aged between 15 and 19, they were applied An anonymous survey in the period from September 2018 to June 2019 in their respective study centers and different variables were analyzed. 55% of the men had already had multiple partners, 76% had been pregnant one or more times, 83% of these pregnancies ended in abortions, 58% responded correctly about the concept of abortion, 61% protected themselves or Fewer know the use of condoms to avoid pregnancy, 50% know about the risks, but 42% have a false perception of the risk of abortion and pregnancy for the female, 48% chose to tell their parents in case of pregnancy or abortion, but 52% prefer to leave the problem to the girl or solve by alternative means, the responsibility was valued by 45% as both, but 40% blame only the women, 37% confuse the interruption methods pregnancy as contraception, 17% do not dislike the idea of being parents and 81% do not have plans yet, the consequences for men of these events are minimal with 73% in the case of pregnancy, 33% in childbirth and 61% in abortion. In the early start of sexual relations in adolescent males, there is a false perception of the risk of pregnancy, childbirth and abortion, the consequences for the male are minimal.Se realizó un estudio de intervención prospectivo cuasi experimental, con el objetivo de conocer el nivel de conocimientos sobre el embarazo, parto y aborto de los adolescentes varones. Se realizó un estudio de intervención prospectivo cuasi experimental con 420 adolescentes varones de las escuelas: Técnica” General Milanés” y el “Politécnico Vitalio Acuña” del municipio Bayamo en la provincia Granma, en las edades comprendidas entre 15 y 19 años, se les aplicó una encuesta anónima en el periodo de septiembre del 2018 a junio del 2019 en sus respectivos centros de estudio y se analizaron diferentes variables. El 55 % de los varones ya habían tenido múltiples parejas, el 76 %  habían embarazado una o más veces, el 83% de estos embarazos terminaron en abortos, el 58% respondieron correctamente sobre el concepto de aborto, el 61 %  se protegen o al menos conocen el uso del condón para evitar un embarazo, el 50% conoce sobre los riesgos, pero un 42 % tiene una falsa percepción del riesgo del aborto y embarazo para la hembra, el 48 % opto por contarle a sus padres en caso de embarazo o aborto, pero el 52 % prefieren dejarle al problema a la muchacha o resolver por vías alternativas, la responsabilidad fue valorada por el 45 % como  de ambos, pero el 40% culpa solo a las féminas, el 37% confunde los métodos de interrupción del embarazo como contracepción, al 17 % no le desagrada la idea de ser padres y al 81 % no lo tiene en planes aun, las consecuencias para varón de estos eventos son mínimas con un 73% en el caso del embarazo, un 33% en el parto y un 61% en el aborto. En el inicio precoz de las relaciones sexuales en los varones adolescentes, existe una falsa percepción del riesgo del embarazo, parto y aborto, las consecuencias para el varón son mínimas.Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo de intervenção quase experimental, com o objetivo de conhecer o nível de conhecimento sobre gravidez, parto e aborto em adolescentes do sexo masculino. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo de intervenção quase experimental com 420 adolescentes do sexo masculino das escolas: técnica "General Milanés" e "Politécnica Vitalio Acuña" do município de Bayamo, na província de Granma, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos. Uma pesquisa anônima no período de setembro de 2018 a junho de 2019 em seus respectivos centros de estudo e diferentes variáveis foram analisadas. 55% dos homens já tiveram múltiplos parceiros, 76% engravidaram uma ou mais vezes, 83% dessas gestações terminaram em abortos, 58% responderam corretamente sobre o conceito de aborto, 61% se protegeram ou Menos sabem o uso do preservativo para evitar a gravidez, 50% conhecem os riscos, mas 42% têm uma falsa percepção do risco de aborto e gravidez para a mulher, 48% optaram por contar aos pais em caso de gravidez ou aborto, mas 52% preferem deixar o problema para a menina ou resolver por meios alternativos, a responsabilidade foi avaliada em 45% como ambos, mas 40% culpam apenas as mulheres, 37% confundem os métodos de interrupção gravidez como contracepção, 17% não gostam da ideia de serem pais e 81% ainda não têm planos, as consequências para os homens desses eventos são mínimas, com 73% no caso da gravidez, 33% no parto e 61% em aborto. No início precoce das relações sexuais em adolescentes do sexo masculino, há uma falsa percepção do risco de gravidez, parto e aborto, as consequências para o homem são mínimas

Mental Health Situation in the Society

Mental health is an important aspect of human development. For years, we realized the valor ofphysical health for the human being in all aspects of life. In contrast, we do not give the sameimportance to mental health and its effects on personal, social, and professional development. Whenwe talk about mental health, we do not even perceive it as a serious illness, and this only makes theproblem worse. Finally, society must understand that mental health is as or even more important thanphysical health, and it should be given the priority it needs

Diplomado de profundización CISCO (Diseño e implementación de soluciones integradas LAN / WAN).

El contenido del la prueba de habilidades CCNA describe el enrutamiento en redes de LAN y WAN, que es la base para la configuración de redes básicas. Este trabajo se basa principalmente en el enrutamiento estático y dinámico. También trata de la configuración de enrutadores y conmutadores, que son los principales elementos para el enrutamiento. La parte práctica de la prueba de habilidades CCNA sustenta el conocimiento para el primer y segundo módulo de Cisco CCNA, explorando los protocolos y conceptos de enrutamiento como RIP, VLSM, EIGRP y OSPF. Palabras clave: enrutamiento, RIP, VLSM, EIGRP, OSPFThe content of the CCNA skills test describes routing on LAN and WAN networks, which is the basis for basic network configuration. This work is mainly based on static and dynamic routing. It also deals with the configuration of routers and switches, which are the main elements for routing. The practical part of the CCNA skills test supports knowledge for the first and second Cisco CCNA module, exploring routing protocols and concepts such as RIP, VLSM, EIGRP and OSPF. Keywords: routing, RIP, VLSM,EIGRP, OSP

Comparación termodinámica de algunos ciclos de refrigeración para la obtención del gas natural licuado

El gas natural es una mezcla de hidrocarburos (principalmente metano) que se obtiene de forma natural a altas presiones (de 20 a 50 bar). En la práctica, el gas natural se procesa para ser transportado en forma líquida a -162 ºC. El gas natural licuado (GNL) es inodoro, incoloro, no tóxico y no inflamable. Desde el punto de vista medioambiental, para generar la misma energía que otros combustibles fósiles, el GNL emite un 25% menos de CO2, un 80% menos de NOx y prácticamente ninguna cantidad de SOs. En este proyecto se analizará termodinámicamente algunos ciclos de refrigeración para la obtención de GNL: El ciclo en cascada, criogénicos como el de Linde y el de Brayton inverso. Se buscarán aquellos parámetros que optimicen la producción de GNL y qué ciclo es el más eficiente. Consecuentemente, necesitara menos energía y emitirá menos CO2 y otros contaminantes. Para dicha comparación, se hará un estudio teórico de los métodos que hay en la actualidad para la licuación de gas natural y también un estudio analítico, en el cual se harán variar parámetros controlables dentro de los ciclos estudiados para saber cómo varían los rendimientos para la obtención del gas natural licuado mediante el programa informático EES

Educomunicação: estratégia de intervenção pedagógica em adolescentes com impulsividade motora, cognitiva e não planejada

The objective of this article is to highlight the feasibility of the use of educommunication in the reflection of impulsive cognitive, motor, and unplanned behaviors. What is revealed is the result of a pedagogical intervention that sought to design an educommunicative program through Problem-Based Learning. The selected methodology is a sequential explanatory study, developed through a mixed approach and a descriptive method. As a result of the analysis, effectiveness in behavioral reflection and appropriation of the educommunicative strategies exposed in the investigative spaces that involved the interests, social realities, and tangible affections of the students is manifested. It is concluded that the use of educommunication promotes self-regulation, favors the development of social skills, and encourages assertive decision-making.El objetivo de este artículo es destacar la viabilidad del uso de la educomunicación en la reflexión de comportamientos impulsivos tanto cognitivos, motores y no planeados. Lo que se devela es el resultado de una intervención pedagógica que pretendía diseñar un programa educomunicativo a través del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas. La metodología planteada, es un estudio explicativo secuencial, desarrollado por medio de un enfoque mixto, y un método descriptivo. Como resultado del análisis se manifiesta efectividad en la reflexión comportamental y apropiación de las estrategias educomunicativas expuestas en los espacios investigativos que involucraron los intereses, las realidades sociales y las afecciones tangibles de los estudiantes. Se concluye que, el uso de la educomunicación promueve la autorregulación, favorece el desarrollo de habilidades sociales, y fomenta la toma de decisiones de manera asertiva.O objetivo deste artigo é destacar a viabilidade do uso da educomunicação na reflexão de comportamentos impulsivos, tanto cognitivos, motores e não planejados. O que se revela é o resultado de uma intervenção pedagógica que buscou desenhar um programa educomunicativo por meio da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas. A metodologia proposta é um estudo explicativo sequencial, desenvolvido através de uma abordagem mista e um método descritivo. Como resultado da análise, a efetividade se manifesta na reflexão comportamental e na apropriação das estratégias educomunicativas expostas nos espaços investigativos que envolveram os interesses, as realidades sociais e os afetos tangíveis dos alunos. Conclui-se que o uso da educomunicação promove a autorregulação, favorece o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais e estimula a tomada de decisão assertiva