Deriving Bell's nonlocality from nonlocality at detection

It is argued that Bell's nonlocality is a particular case of nonlocality at detection, which appears already in single-particle interference experiments. The unity of nonlocality and local causality is crucial to provide a consistent description of the world.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure

Climate Change, Flood Risk and Property Value: Assessment of vulnerability and equity in the Boston Metro Area

The general consensus is that global climate change will result in increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Coastal urban communities are likely to suffer more flood damages as a result of this change, with potential social justice implications regarding how burdens are shared. Current decision-making approaches, mostly based on scientific knowledge and economic efficiency, do not take into account several ethical aspects associated with climate change, including equity concerns. In this paper, the author addresses a number of questions with justice implications. His findings show a differential exposure to hazards arid uneven capability to cope with them, which places higher risk on the most vulnerable sectors of the population. The religious community can contribute in raising awareness and helping to explore adaptive measures designed to reduce the economic and social impacts of extreme events in an equitable way

A method for determining elements for elemental signature analysis of groundwater and treated Lake Mead water

Elemental signature analysis (ESA) is a term that describes the use of the presence/absence or relative abundance of elements in samples. Several studies have been performed on the identification of these elemental signatures or fingerprints of water using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Lake Mead is the primary water supply for the Las Vegas Valley. During the summer months, several large underground aquifers are used to supplement the Lake Mead water supply. Treated Lake Mead water is recharged during the low demand months to several of these aquifers. The Las Vegas Valley is surrounded by many private groundwater wells that tap smaller aquifers. Water quality varies between these aquifers. Many of the wells are exposed to controlled or uncontrolled contamination from a variety of sources, including cross-contamination between aquifers; Aquifers were identified by using the available literature and data obtained from ICP atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) trace-metal analysis of water from 62 private wells in the Las Vegas Valley; Private groundwater wells in the northwest, southwest, and southeast areas of the Las Vegas Valley and water from three recharge wells were sampled and analyzed by ICP-AES for 14 elements and by ICP-MS for 58 elements; Element concentrations obtained using ICP-MS and statistical analysis were used to identify elements for use as an elemental signature of the treated Lake Mead water used for recharge of the Las Vegas Valley aquifers. Ratios of the elements identified as suitable markers for elemental signature analysis, were determined to identify potential trends in the data between areas and treated Lake Mead water; Results of the study indicate that element concentrations vary significantly between areas in the Las Vegas Valley, thus allowing them to be used as criteria to distinguish between two water sources. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)