Nye produktionssystemer til økologiske slagtesvin

Et nyligt afsluttet forsøg har haft til formål at undersøge produktionsniveau, velfærd/adfærd og miljøbelastninger ved at holde slagtesvin på friland til 40, 80 eller 100 kg som alternativ til opdrætning på stald. Disse systemer var kombineret med to fodringsstrategier, som skulle afdække ændringer i kødets ernæringsmæssige kvalitet, således at resultaterne vedrørende produktion og miljøbelastning m.fl. kunne vurderes i sammenhæng med forbrugerønsker og afsætningsmuligheder. I artiklen er nogle af resultaterne omtalt

Performance and carcass quality of fully on partly outdoor reared pigs in organic production

Outdoor rearing of finishers can be considered a relevant option in organic pig production. The performance and carcass characteristics of 245 organically produced and free-range born crossbred pigs allocated to five treatments were compared. The five treatments were: transfer to a barn with free access to feed (1) at weaning and until slaughter, (2) at a live weight of 40 kg and until slaughter, (3) at live weight of 80 kg and until slaughter, or reared at pasture (4) with free or (5) limited access to concentrates until slaughter. Pigs fed ad libitum fed indoor compared to pigs fed ad libitum outdoor had a significant lower feed consumption (5 MJ ME /kg gain), lower lean percentage (2.3%), and a higher backfat depth (1.1 mm)(all P < 0.05). Compared with outdoor pigs fed ad libitum, restricted feeding outdoor resulted in a significantly lower daily gain (107 g), a lower feed consumption (6.3 MJ ME/kg gain), higher lean percentage (2.1% units), and a reduced backfat (1.8 mm) (all P < .001). Pigs, which at a live weight of 40 kg, were transferred to indoor facilities with free access to feed compensated almost completely before slaughter, while pigs transferred at 80 kg live weight only compensated little. Although the housing environment (in- or outdoor) seems to affect performance and carcass traits, the length of energy restriction appears to be of greater importance

Slagtekvalitet og sygdomsfund hos økologiske slagtesvin

Et væsentligt mål i produktionen af økologisk svinekød er at få flest mulige slagtesvin godkendt efter de økologiske kvalitetskriterier. En godkendelse af slagtekroppen medfører den bedste afregning til producenten og opfylder forbrugerens ønske om svinekød med lavt fedtindhold produceret på en gris, der har haft et liv uden belastende sygdomme og skavanker.Økologiske svin skal foruden kravet til basisvægt opfylde kvalitetskriterier for spæktykkelse, kødprocent i midterstykke og i slagtekroppen. Samtidig afstikker det økologiske regelsæt en række bestemmelser vedrørende genetik, opstaldning og fodring, der påvirker produktionen af svinene væsentligt. Viden skabt i den traditionelle produktion kan derfor ikke altid overføres til den økologiske produktionsform. I den traditionelle slagtesvineproduktion i Danmark ses en systematisk variation i kødprocenten henover året, idet der i sommerhalvåret opnås de højeste kødindhold i slagtekroppene. Tilsvarende har flere danske opgørelser vist systematiske årstidsvariationer i forekomsten af brysthindear hos både SPF-, MS- og konventionelle grise. Da stort set alle økologiske grise har en konventionel sundhedsstatus og overføres fra mark til åbne staldanlæg ved fravænning eller senere, vil det være relevant at undersøge for tilsvarende årstidsvariationer. For at få et bedre beslutningsgrundlag for tiltag, der kan medfører flere godkendte slagtesvin, blev der gennemført analyser af slagtedata på økologiske slagtesvin. Analyserne tog særligt sigte på at undersøge 1) forskelle relateret til slagtevægt og køn, 2) forekomst af årstidsvariationer i slagtekvalitet og sygdomsforekomst og 3) forskelle mellem besætninger i slagtekvalitet og sygdomsforekomst

Integration of organic animal production intor land use with special reference to swine and poultry

The development in organic livestock production can be attributed to an increased consumer interest in organic products while, at the same time, increased farmers' interest in converting to organic production methods—often stimulated by governmental support or subsidies. It is important that organic production systems can fulfil the expectations of each of these stakeholders if organic livestock production is to increase further. This is of particular importance if organic pig and poultry production (other than egg) is to move from the present niche-production to a significant place in the food market, as in the case of beef and milk. It can be argued that the limited organic pork and poultry production is related to the fact that it is far more difficult for farmers to change the existing production systems for pig and poultry compared to production systems for cattle and other ruminants in a way that gives a harmonious balance between the different aims of organic farming. Conflicts may occur as to the most appropriate rearing practice in considerating the basic aspects of the innate behaviour of animals on one hand, the risk of pollution from the production on the other and, in addition, the aim of producing in sufficient quantities. These possible conflicts are reflected in the compromises made in national or EU regulations on organic farming. In the regulations for organic farming, the aspect of allowing a high degree of natural behaviour of the livestock is, among others, translated in the requirement that livestock, in certain periods of their life or of the year, should be allowed to graze or have access to an outdoor area. The most common outdoor systems for pig and poultry used in intensively managed organic production have some significant drawbacks in relation to environmental impact (risk of N-leaching and ammonia volatilisation), animal welfare (nose-ringed sows), high mortality in poultry and workload and management constraints. From recent experience of such systems, it is argued that there is a need for a radical development of the systems. There is a need for outdoor/free range systems (for the sake of the livestock), which are constructed and managed in such a way that the livestock, at the same time, exert a positive influence on other parts of the farming system. There is evidence that pregnant sows can fulfil their nutritional needs to a large extent by grazing, that co-grazing sows with heifers can diminish the parasite burden of the heifers, and that the pig inclination for rooting can be managed in a way that makes ploughing and other heavy land cultivation more or less superfluous. As regard poultry, there is an indication that quite big flocks can be managed efficiently in a way where the flock act as weeders in other crops or fight pests in orchards. These elements need to be further explored as a basis for future system development

Full or partial outdoor rearing of slaughter pigs – effects on performance, carcass quality and nutrient load

An experiment with slaughter pigs from weaning to slaughter including five treatments and five replicates was carried out at the Danish organic experimental station, Rugballegård. Treatments included full or partial outdoor rearing of the pigs, and the replicates covered the seasonal effects. Pigs fed ad libitum indoors had a significantly lower feed consumption (5 MJ ME /kg gain), a lower lean percentage (2.3% points), and a higher backfat depth (1.1 mm, P < 0.05) than pigs fed ad libitum outdoors. Compared with outdoor pigs fed ad libitum, restricted feeding outdoors resulted in a significantly lower daily gain (107 g), a lower feed consumption (6.3 MJ ME/kg gain), higher lean percentage (2.1% points), and a reduced backfat (1.8 mm) (P <0.001). The content of soil nitrogen was considerably higher than for the soil outside the paddocks. Despite a considerable variation within the paddocks, N was distributed throughout the paddock. The present investigation highlights the fact that outdoor rearing of organic finishers may be a competitive option even in a temperate climate and all year round

Opdrætningsstrategier for økologiske svin - produktion og slagtekvalitet

I økologisk svineproduktion overføres fravænnede grise oftest til et staldsystem med dybstrøelse, tørfodring i automater og adgang til udeareal. Denne opdrætningsform muliggør en god styring af produktion og husdyrgødning, men kræver store investeringer. Et alternativ er at slagtesvinene går på græs i hele eller dele af deres produktionsperiode. Der er dog stor usikkerhed om, hvilke produktionsresultater, der kan nås. Tidligere resultater viste at foderforbruget blev stærkt forøget, hvilket samtidig betød høj næringsstofbelastning på markarealet. En kombination, hvor grisene starter på mark og går på stald i den sidste del af produktionsperioden kan måske have nogle særlige fordele i forhold til tilvækst, foderforbrug, miljøpåvirkning og håndtering af dyr. På den baggrund blev der gennemført et forsøg med fem opdrætningsstrategiers indvirkning på miljø, økonomi, adfærd/velfærd, produktion, slagte- og kødkvalitet. Denne publikation omfatter produktions- og slagtekvalitetsdelen

Har søers rodeintensitet indflydelse på udvaskning - eller nytter tryneringning overhovedet

Det er en almindelig antagelse, at tryneringning af udegående søer mindsker udvaskning af nitrat og andre næringsstoffer fra græsmarkerne, og at miljøet dermed skånes. Man kan se, at ringning forhindrer søerne i at rode, hvorved græsdækket holdes intakt på en stor del af marken det meste af året. Men fak-tisk ved vi ikke, om udvaskningen fra en mark med ringede søer er mindre end fra en mark, hvor søer kan rode. Det er vist, at der er væsentlig udvaskning fra områder omkring fodersted, sølehuller og hyt-ter fra marker, hvor søerne har været tryneringet. Det kan tænkes at denne punktforurening er værre for vandmiljøet end en jævn spredning af samme forurening. Fra forsøg med ringede og ikke ringede søer ved vi, at søerne ikke lider ved at have trynering. På den anden side foretrækker søer at rode og bruger 20-30% af deres tid på at rode, hvis de har mulighed for det. Rodeadfærden udgør således en væsentlig del af søernes naturlige adfærdsrepertoire. Ved at tillade tryneringning i økologisk svineproduktion er man, for at tilgodese miljøet, gået på kompromis med målsætningen om at tilgodese dyrenes naturlige adfærd. Så hvis vi vælger at ringe søerne, skal der være en god grund til det. I dette forsøg har vi taget det første skridt til at undersøge om belastningen efter tryneringede søer vir-kelig er mindre end efter søer, der har kunnet rode, og vi har sammenlignet med en simpel udgave af græsmarksstyring. I forsøget er afprøvet tre behandlinger: 1: søer med trynering 2: søer uden trynering 3: søer uden trynering udsat gradvis tildeling af græsmark Alle tre behandlinger er gennemført med både drægtige og diegivende søer. De drægtige har gået fem i hver flok, mens de diegivende har gået i enkelt farefolde. Belægningsgraden, beregnet over et år, har været den samme for alle tre behandlinger. For behandlingen med gradvis tildeling af græsmark har søer haft adgang til den ene halvdel af marken de første ti uger og adgang til den anden halvdel af marken de følgende ti uger. Arealtildeling er udregnet efter at skulle give 280 kg. N pr. ha pr. år. Samtidig er der for alle behandlinger gennemført flytning af fodersted og hytter. De drægtige blev fodret med 1, 75 Fe valset byg pr. dag. Da denne fodertildeling næppe har dækket mere end cirka 70% af deres behov, har søerne formentlig været motiverede for at græsse og æde ensi-leret grovfoder. De diegivende søer fik 9,7 Fe færdigblandet foder pr. dag. Forsøget er gennemført hos en privat landmand, som har søerne ude om sommeren og inde om vinteren. Forsøget er derfor gen-nemført i perioden fra maj til september. Søernes rodeadfærd, aktivitetsniveau og placering på marker er observeret én dag hver uge i gennem hele græsningssæsonen. I juli og september er græsdækket kvantificeret vha. telemåling og i september er der udtaget jordprøver til bestemmelse af potentiel næringsstofudvaskning. Forsøget er netop afsluttet i september og de første, dugfriske resultater præsenteres på økologikongressen

Meat quality of fully or partly outdoor reared pigs in organic production

Abstract Outdoor production on pasture is considered an option in organic pig production. The aim of the present trial was to study the influence of feeding strategies combining outdoor and indoor rearing on pig meat quality. The experiment was carried out with 245 pigs in 5 replicates, and commenced following weaning at day 52. Five treatments were compared: 1) pigs fed ad libitum and reared indoors with access to an outdoor concrete area (In-A); 2) pigs fed restrictively on pasture until 40 kg body weight and then kept indoors with access to an outdoor concrete area and fed ad libitum until slaughter (In-40A); 3) pigs fed restrictively on pasture until 80 kg body weight and then kept indoors with access to an outdoor concrete area and fed ad libitum until slaughter (In-80A); 4) pigs reared on pasture and fed restrictively during the whole period of growth (Out-R); and 5) pigs reared on pasture and fed ad libitum during the whole period of growth (Out-A). All pigs had free access to roughage (clover-grass silage/fresh clover grass). Restrictive feeding in the weight range from weaning to 40 kg body weight (In-40A) resulted in a reduced daily gain; however, following transfer to indoor facilities and ad libitum feeding these pigs compensated in growth and the overall daily gain did not differ from the In-A control pigs. Pigs fed restrictively from weaning to 80 kg body weight were unable to compensate completely following transfer to indoor facilities. Out-R pigs had the lowest overall daily gain, while In-A pigs and Out-A pigs had similar daily gain. Meat quality assessments were performed on longissimus dorsi (LD) samples from a subsample of 100 pigs (2 castrates and 2 female pigs from each treatment in each replicate). Compared to meat from either ad libitum treatments (In-A and Out-A), meat from Out-R and In-80A pigs was less red due to a lower pigmentation, and had a higher ratio of polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acids. In addition, Out-R female pigs had numerically (6 Á/10 Newton) higher shear force than In-A and Out-A. Treatments did not affect the concentration of a-tocopherol of meat. Introducing a finishing period with free access to concentrates following 40 kg body weight until slaughter prevented the deterioration in meat quality. However, a finishing period following 80 kg body weight was not sufficient. In conclusion, ad libitum feeding in the organic production system gave superior meat quality compared to a restrictive feeding strategy. However, including a finishing period indoors with ad libitum feeding of concentrates may prevent the detrimental effect of restrictive feeding on meat quality