Strictures on the remarks contained in papers relating to the Shanghae revision of the Chinese Scriptures

In a volume lettered: China and the Chinese: a collection of pamphlets relating thereto. Volume 123

Biomechanics, philosophy, injury and conditioning for cricket fast bowlers

There are many different skills that are required for the sport of cricket but the most physically demanding and injury prone of these skills (Petersen, Pyne, Dawson, Kellett, & Portus, 2011; Petersen, Pyne, Dawson, & Portus, 2009; Petersen, Pyne, Portus, & Dawson, 2011) is fast bowling (Dennis, Farhart, Goumas, & Orchard, 2003; Mansingh, Harper, Headley, King-Mowatt, & Mansingh, 2006; Orchard, James, & Portus, 2006; J. Orchard, James, Alcott, Carter, & Farhart, 2002). The conditioning of cricket fast bowlers has received very little scientific attention. Therefore the purpose of this thesis was: 1) to conduct a thorough literature review that collated the findings of the limited research that has been undertaken and identified gaps in knowledge around best practice of strength and conditioning for fast bowlers that require further attention; 2) find the experts opinion on these identified areas of future research; and, 3) use the knowledge gained from both the literature and experts opinion to construct a suggested best practice strength and conditioning program for fast bowlers. Using the Delphi method, a series of surveys were administered to a total of 61 fast bowling experts, who included strength and conditioning coaches, physiotherapist’s, skills coaches and players, all of whom were specialists in the area of fast bowling and had five plus years’ experience at first class or international level cricket. Questions were aimed at gaining consensus of opinion as to: 1) the specific field based tests that are best used to assess and monitor the specific fitness qualities of the cricket fast bowler; 2) the fitness qualities most important for the time of the season and developmental stage of the fast bowler; and, 3) best practice for maintenance of these fitness qualities through an in-season. The main findings of these surveys were that strength and aerobic fitness rated the most important conditioning aspect for fast bowlers, with strength also rating as most important regardless of the development level of the bowler and the time of the season. A significant percentage of the experts believe that all conditioning areas can be maintained and potentially improved during the in-season of a busy international or domestic cricket season. This can mostly be achieved via performing one high intensity session every 10 days. Furthermore the experts suggested that all these qualities, with the exception of strength, can be trained/maintained via the demands of playing the game. With regards to the strength demands, different areas of the fast bowlers body require different focuses. Specific bowlers and body types require different training focuses. Some hypertrophy in the lower body is acceptable when it helps with injury prevention but extra non-functional mass (fat mass or extra muscle mass) in the upper-body is undesirable. Another outcome of the survey was the identification of best practice assessment batteries for anthropometry, flexibility, strength, speed, power, anaerobic and aerobic fitness. Specific fast bowling tests were identified that were thought essential to complete the physical player profile. This included a movement screening test where the top five movements that need to be assessed and were specific to fast bowlers were the single leg squat, sprinting, squat, a shoulder mobility test and rotational movements

PARP inhibitors as P-glyoprotein substrates

The cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors olaparib, veliparib, and CEP-8983 were investigated in two P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing drug-resistant cell models (IGROVCDDP and KB-8-5-11). IGROVCDDP and KB-8-5-11 were both resistant to olaparib and resistance was reversible with the P-gp inhibitors elacridar, zosuquidar, and valspodar. In contrast, the P-gp overexpressing models were not resistant to veliparib or CEP-8983. Olaparib and veliparib did not induce protein expression of P-gp in IGROVCDDP or KB-8-5-11 at doses that successfully inhibit PARP. Olaparib therefore appears to be a P-gp substrate. Veliparib and CEP-8983 do not appear to be substrates. Veliparib and CEP-8983 may therefore be more useful in combined chemotherapy regimens with P-gp substrates and may be active in platinum and taxane-resistant ovarian cancer

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Biomechanics, philosophy, injury and conditioning for cricket fast bowlers

There are many different skills that are required for the sport of cricket but the most physically demanding and injury prone of these skills (Petersen, Pyne, Dawson, Kellett, & Portus, 2011; Petersen, Pyne, Dawson, & Portus, 2009; Petersen, Pyne, Portus, & Dawson, 2011) is fast bowling (Dennis, Farhart, Goumas, & Orchard, 2003; Mansingh, Harper, Headley, King-Mowatt, & Mansingh, 2006; Orchard, James, & Portus, 2006; J. Orchard, James, Alcott, Carter, & Farhart, 2002). The conditioning of cricket fast bowlers has received very little scientific attention. Therefore the purpose of this thesis was: 1) to conduct a thorough literature review that collated the findings of the limited research that has been undertaken and identified gaps in knowledge around best practice of strength and conditioning for fast bowlers that require further attention; 2) find the experts opinion on these identified areas of future research; and, 3) use the knowledge gained from both the literature and experts opinion to construct a suggested best practice strength and conditioning program for fast bowlers. Using the Delphi method, a series of surveys were administered to a total of 61 fast bowling experts, who included strength and conditioning coaches, physiotherapist’s, skills coaches and players, all of whom were specialists in the area of fast bowling and had five plus years’ experience at first class or international level cricket. Questions were aimed at gaining consensus of opinion as to: 1) the specific field based tests that are best used to assess and monitor the specific fitness qualities of the cricket fast bowler; 2) the fitness qualities most important for the time of the season and developmental stage of the fast bowler; and, 3) best practice for maintenance of these fitness qualities through an in-season. The main findings of these surveys were that strength and aerobic fitness rated the most important conditioning aspect for fast bowlers, with strength also rating as most important regardless of the development level of the bowler and the time of the season. A significant percentage of the experts believe that all conditioning areas can be maintained and potentially improved during the in-season of a busy international or domestic cricket season. This can mostly be achieved via performing one high intensity session every 10 days. Furthermore the experts suggested that all these qualities, with the exception of strength, can be trained/maintained via the demands of playing the game. With regards to the strength demands, different areas of the fast bowlers body require different focuses. Specific bowlers and body types require different training focuses. Some hypertrophy in the lower body is acceptable when it helps with injury prevention but extra non-functional mass (fat mass or extra muscle mass) in the upper-body is undesirable. Another outcome of the survey was the identification of best practice assessment batteries for anthropometry, flexibility, strength, speed, power, anaerobic and aerobic fitness. Specific fast bowling tests were identified that were thought essential to complete the physical player profile. This included a movement screening test where the top five movements that need to be assessed and were specific to fast bowlers were the single leg squat, sprinting, squat, a shoulder mobility test and rotational movements

To the Protestant missionaries labouring at Hongkong and the five ports of China

In a volume lettered: China and the Chinese: a collection of pamphlets relating thereto. Volume 123

Part 2: Mechanical and anthropometric factors of fast bowling for cricket, and implications for strength and conditioning

Cricket has traditionally followed the general strength and conditioning practices of other sports. As the physical demands of cricket have been investigated more fully, it is apparent that the sport presents with unique physical requirements and challenges. To assist practitioners to implement fast bowler physical preparation best practice in cricket, we provided the reader with biomechanical, injury surveillance data, and predictors of injury information in part 1 of this series. Part 2 focuses on mechanical and anthropo-metric factors relating to fast bowling. The review concludes with recommendations for the physical preparation of cricket fast bowlers