Food Mass Reduction Trade Study

Future long duration manned space flights beyond low earth orbit will require the food system to remain safe, acceptable, and nutritious while efficiently balancing appropriate vehicle resources such as mass, volume, power, water, and crewtime. Often, this presents a challenge since maintaining the quality of the food system can result in a higher mass and volume. The Orion vehicle is significantly smaller than the Shuttle vehicle and the International Space Station and the mass and volume available for food is limited. Therefore, the food team has been challenged to reduce the mass of the packaged food from 1.82 kg per person per day to 1.14 kg per person per day. Past work has concentrated on how to reduce the mass of the packaging which contributes to about 15% of the total mass of the packaged food system. Designers have also focused on integrating and optimizing the Orion galley equipment as a system to reduce mass. To date, there has not been a significant effort to determine how to reduce the food itself. The objective of this project is to determine how the mass and volume of the packaged food can be reduced while maintaining caloric and hydration requirements. The following tasks are the key elements to this project: (1) Conduct further analysis of the ISS Standard Menu to determine moisture, protein, carbohydrate, and fat levels. (2) Conduct trade studies to determine how to bring the mass of the food system down. Trade studies may include removing the water of the total food system and/or increasing the fat content. (3) Determine the preferred method for delivery of the new food (e.g. bars, or beverages) and the degree of replacement. (4) Determine whether there are commercially available products that meet the requirements. By the end of this study, an estimate of the mass and volume savings will be provided to the Constellation Program. In addition, if new technologies need to be developed to achieve the mass savings, the technologies, timeline, and budget will be identified at the end of the project

Transapical aortic valve implantation – a rescue procedure for patients with aortic stenosis and “porcelain aorta”

Surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) still remains the treatment of choice in symptomatic significant aortic stenosis (AS). Due to technical problems, extensive calcification of the ascending aorta (“porcelain aorta”) is an additional risk factor for surgery and transapical aortic valve implantation (TAAVI) is likely to be the only rescue procedure for this group of patients. We describe the case of an 81-year-old woman with severe AS and “porcelain aorta”, in whom the only available life-saving intervention was TAAVI

Water-solid interactions: Crystalline powder characterization and development of atomic force microscopy techniques

Moisture induced changes impact the stability of powder systems. Increasing water content influences the properties (chemical stability, caking, flowability, etc.) of solid materials through five major mechanisms: adsorption, absorption, hydrate formation, deliquescence, and capillary condensation. The deliquescence relative humidity (RHomix) in mixtures is lower than the individual ingredient deliquescence points. Capillary condensation occurs when water condenses to liquid within a capillary and is hypothesized to initiate deliquescence lowering. Water-solid interactions and moisture acquisition of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) with bulking agents were evaluated using a gravimetric sorption isotherm. Functional implications of formulation (pure, midpoint, eutonic composition), particle size (50, 150, ∼500μm), and storage time (0-28 days) on powder flow were examined with Revolution powder analysis. Atomic force microscopy investigated the surface forces on sucrose, citric acid, fructose, and sodium chloride with humidity. All NNS exhibit surface moisture adsorption. Aspartame, neotame, and Na-saccharin formed hydrates at 55%, 60%, 85%RH, respectively, and Na-saccharin deliquesces at 92% RH. Acesulfame-K and sucralose remained constant up to 95% RH. Blends of NNS with crystalline bulking agents reduced moisture while amorphous mixtures increased the moisture gained. The amount gained or lost varied with storage humidity, mixture composition, and ingredient ratio. Decreasing particle size increased the moisture acquired by capillary condensation. In general, relative humidity at 10% below the RHomix , increasing storage time, mixtures formulations, and decreasing particle size reduced powder flow. SEM imaging of citric acid and sucrose revealed increased coalescence with decreasing particle size when stored close to RH omix. Adhesions between crystals were higher at low and high humidities potentially by van der Waals forces and capillary forces, respectively. In mixtures, adhesion forces for contacting component at the RHomix were comparable to individually measurements at RHo. AFM determined deliquescence lowering is initiated by capillary condensation. Sucrose probe experiments revealed that capillary condensation between the surface of citric acid, fructose, and sodium chloride and the probe occurred within the predicted range at 300 to 400 nm. Food ingredients provide favorable protection or unfavorable increases in moisture and several factors cause physical degradation in powder formulations. This study also determined that deliquescence lowering is initiated by capillary condensatio

Planned Experiments for Determining Effects of Radiation on Characteristics of Wheat Cultivars--EAC Presentation 2004

1 slide Related Documents:WM1, WM2, WM3, WM

Space Foods: WALLA Course

64 slide

Food Processing and Packaging-EAC Presentation 2004

35 slides Related Documents:WM1, WM2, WM3, WM

Informing Human Trafficking Clinical Care Through Two Systematic Reviews on Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence

Background: There is a lack of evidence on the clinical management of patients who have suffered human trafficking. Synthesizing the evidence from similar patient populations may provide valuable insight. This review summarizes findings on therapeutic interventions for survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence (IPV). Method: We conducted two systematic reviews using the MEDLINE database. We included only randomized controlled trials of therapies with primary outcomes related to health for survivors of sexual assault and IPV. For the sexual assault review, there were 78 abstracts identified, 16 full-text articles reviewed, and 10 studies included. For the IPV review, there were 261 abstracts identified, 24 full-text articles reviewed, and 17 studies included. Analysis compared study size, intervention type, patient population, primary health outcomes, and treatment effect. Results: Although our search included physical and mental health outcomes, almost all the studies meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria focused on mental health. The interventions for sexual assault included spiritually focused group therapy, interference control training, image rehearsal therapy, sexual revictimization prevention, educational videos, cognitive behavioral therapy, and exposure therapy. The interventions in the IPV review included group social support therapy, exposure therapy, empowerment sessions, physician counseling, stress management programs, forgiveness therapy, motivational interviewing, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Conclusions: Insights from these reviews included the importance of culturally specific group therapy, the central role of survivor empowerment, and the overwhelming focus on mental health. These key features provide guidance for the development of interventions to improve the health of human trafficking survivors