2,784 research outputs found
The Financial System, Bussiness Cycles and Growth
Los economistas han reconocido desde hace mucho tiempo la importancia del sistema financiero. Muchas de las discusiones tratan al sistema financiero aisladamente, o lo relacionan sólo superficialmente a la macroeconomía. Este artículo discute los intrincados lazos entre el sistema financiero y la macroeconomía. El principal resultado de los modelos microeconómicos de finanzas desarrollados en el pasado cuarto de siglo han mostrado cuan diferente es el sector financiero de otros sectores, incluyendo la persistencia de situaciones de no equilibrio en los mercados y equilibrios ineficientes. Aquí hay una aplicación de esas ideas a una discusión de los modelos macroeconómicos basados en finanzas, usándolos para arrojar luz sobre las causas de las fluctuaciones cíclicas de los negocios y algunos de los determinantes del crecimiento. Finalmente, en la última parte de la discusión hay algunas respuestas a desarrollos en flujos de capitales internacionales, incluyendo las cuestiones de convertibilidad de la cuenta de capital y la respuesta a crisis.Financial System; Bussiness Cycles; modelos microeconómicos
Promoting Competition in Telecommunications
There is a growing recognition of the importance of competition for the success of market economies, and of the need for government action both to maintain competition and to regulate industries where competition remains limited. In the area of telecommunications, upon which I shall focus today, we have seen examples where privatization has not delivered on its promises: in some cases access in certain vital areas has actually been reduced. Competition and regulatory policy are vital for a market economy. The fundamental theorems of welfare economics, assume that both private property and competitive markets exist in the economy. Until recently, however, emphasis was placed almost exclusively on creating private property, and privatization of public assets. A well designed privatization, where there is a good regulatory framework in place, can raise enormous revenues and at the same time increase services and lower prices.market economies; government; competition; regulate industries; telecommunications
Making Globalisation Work – The 2006 Geary Lecture
This paper was delivered as the Geary Lecture 2006 at the Burlington Hotel, Dublin, Ireland on 30 August. The Geary Lecture is organised each year in honour of Professor R. C. Geary (1896–1963) the first Director of The Economic and Social Research Institute and the most eminent Irish Statistician and Economist of the twentieth century. This lecture was organised in association with Penguin Books and The Irish Times.
Money, Credit, and Business Fluctuations
This paper provides a critique of standard theories of money, in particular those based on money as a medium of exchange. Money is important because of the relationship between money and credit. The process of judging credit worthiness, in which banks play a central role, involves the collection and processing of information. Like many other economic activities involving information, these processes are not well described by means of standard production functions. Changes in economic circumstances can have marked effects on the relevance of previously accumulated information and accordingly on the supply of credit. Changes in the availability of credit may have marked effects on the level of economic activity, while changes in real interest rates seem to play a relatively minor role in economic fluctuations. This alternative view has a number of implications for policy, both at the macro-economic level (for instance, on the role of monetary policy for stabilization purposes and the choice of targets) and at the micro-economic level.
The General Theory of Tax Avoidance
This paper outlines a general set of principles for tax avoidance. Most of at least the common tax avoidance schemes can be reinterpreted as making use of one or more of these principles. Four such methods are described. In a perfect capital market, these methods would enable the astute taxpayer to eliminate all taxation on capital income. The fact that the tax system raises revenue is attributed to lack of astuteness of the taxpayer and/or lack of perfection of the capital market. Accordingly, models which attempt to analyze the effects of taxation assuming rational, maximizing taxpayers working within a perfect capital market may give misleading results.A full analysis of tax avoidance cannot be conducted within a partial equilibrium model; transactions which reduce one individual's tax liability may at the same time increase another's.We delineate tax avoidance schemes which reduce the aggregate tax liabilities of the participants. Much of the"general equilibrium" gain from tax avoidance arises from differences in tax rates, both across individuals and across classes of income. Our analysis is shown to have implications both for patterns of ownership of assets and the timing of transfers.
Economics of Information and the Theory of Economic Development
This paper shows how recent developments in the Economics of Information can provide insights into economic relations in less developed countries, and how they can provide explanations for institutions which, in neoclassical theory, appear anomalous and/or inefficient. Sharecropping and other tenancy relationships in the rural sector and wage determination and urban unemployment are both investigated within this perspective.
Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics
Nobel Prize lecture.Asymmetric Information;
Technological Change, Sunk Costs, and Competition
macroeconomics, technological change
The Welfare Economics of Moral Hazard
This paper shows that, except in certain limiting cases, competitive equilibrium with moral hazard is constrained inefficient. The first section compares the competitive equilibrium and the constrained social optimum in a fairly general model, and identifies types of market failure. Each of the subsequent sections focuses on a particular market failure.
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