Thünens Theorie des "naturgemäßen Lohns". Zur Entdeckung des Grenzproduktivitätsprinzips in der Theorie der funktionellen Einkommensverteilung.

Das Modell des isolierten Staates bildet die Grundlage fuer Johann Heinrich von Thuenens Untersuchung zur Entlohnung des Produktionsfaktors Arbeit. Innerhalb des Modells wird formal und anhand ausgewaehlter Zahlenbeispiele der "naturgemaesse Lohn" ermittelt. Mit dem Ziel, Aspekte der Grenzproduktivitaetstheorie aufzuzeigen, werden seine Gedanken nachgezeichnet und der formale Zusammenhang hergeleitet. Fuer die Begruendung seiner Lohngleichung A = (a*p)^0.5 wird die Grenzproduktivitaet innerhalb der funktionellen Einkommensverteilung aufgezeigt. Abschliessend wird die Anwendbarkeit seiner Formel ausserhalb des Modells kritisch geprueft.naturgemäßer Lohn, Johann Heinrich von Thünen, Grenzproduktivität

Pronatalist policies’ backlash in authoritarian regimes

European fascist regimes have attached great importance to nationalistic families and designed policies to perpetuate them. Most offered policy packages with interest-free loans repayable through childbirth, along with allowances and tax deductions for large families. Using a difference-in-difference approach and Nazi Germany as a case study, we show that these policies may have counterproductive effects due to negative selection mechanisms in the marriage market. The excessive pressure to marry exerted on singles results in lower quality, ultimately less fertile, and more fragile unions. This finding is important as the main European far-right parties today propose reinstating these policy packages

Scholars and Literati at the University of Freiburg (1457–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Freiburg from its inception in 1457 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800)

Scholars and Literati at the University of Prague (1348–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Prague from its inception in 1348 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800)

Scholars and Literati at the University of Leiden (1575–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Leiden from its inception in 1575 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800)

Scholars and Literati at the University of Leipzig (1409–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Leipzig from its inception in 1409 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800)

Scholars and Literati at the University of Jena (1558–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Jena from its inception in 1558 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800)

Scholars and Literati at the University of Göttingen (1734–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Göttingen from its inception in 1734 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800). &nbsp

Scholars and Literati at the University of Gießen (1607–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Gießen from its inception in 1607 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800)

Leaders and laggards in life expectancy among European scholars from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century

When did mortality first start to decline, and among whom? We build a large, new data set with more than 30,000 scholars covering the sixteenth to the early twentieth century to analyze the timing of the mortality decline and the heterogeneity in life expectancy gains among scholars in the Holy Roman Empire. The large sample size, well-defined entry into the risk group, and heterogeneity in social status are among the key advantages of the new database. After recovering from a severe mortality crisis in the seventeenth century, life expectancy among scholars started to increase as early as in the eighteenth century, well before the Industrial Revolution. Our finding that members of scientific academies-an elite group among scholars-were the first to experience mortality improvements suggests that 300 years ago, individuals with higher social status already enjoyed lower mortality. We also show, however, that the onset of mortality improvements among scholars in medicine was delayed, possibly because these scholars were exposed to pathogens and did not have germ theory knowledge that might have protected them. The disadvantage among medical professionals decreased toward the end of the nineteenth century. Our results provide a new perspective on the historical timing of mortality improvements, and the database accompanying our study facilitates replication and extensions.Peer reviewe