European Airspace (De)Fragmentation Assessment Model

Airspace fragmentation represents an issue that began to be more frequently mentioned within the Air Traffic Management (ATM) domain in the last two decades. Primarily, it is frequently listed as one of the main causes contributing to inefficiency of the ATM system in Europe. However, even though the issue of the European airspace fragmentation has been recognized back in the 1990s, over the past decades it has neither been frequently studied nor comprehensively addressed. Accordingly, minor progress has been made to describe this issue in more depth. Therefore, this research paper deals with the research of performance-based airspace fragmentation (one of several European airspace fragmentation types). It presents the conceptual and methodological framework of a novel model that can be used to obtain answers to hypothetical questions of where, when, how, and whether it is possible to achieve performance-based airspace defragmentation. Accordingly, it is expected that further studies of the developed model will deliver relevant information that may contribute to a more inclusive, smart, and spatially oriented development of the ATM system in Europe

Different portion of thermally treated fodder pea in chickens fattening

Budući da stočni grašak kao krupnozrna leguminoza sadrži nekoliko antinutritivnih tvari u malim količinama, u sirovom stanju nije pogodan u većim koncentracijama kao komponenta za hranjenje peradi. Cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti 30 %, odnosno 60 % izobjelančevinaste zamjene sojine sačme i toplinski obrađenog stočnog graška u kompletnim krmnim smjesama tovnih pilića. Završna tjelesna masa pilića pokazuje da su pilići pokusnih skupina na kraju pokusa bili za 14,6 % u P I i 15,3 % u P II skupini bolji od pilića kontrolne skupine, a razlike su statistički visoko opravdane (P<0,01). Drugi praćeni pokazatelj, prosječni dnevni prirast, tijekom pojedinih razdoblja tova potvrdio je također visoko značajne (P<0,01) bolje priraste pilića pokusnih skupina I i II u odnosu na piliće kontrolne skupine. Glede potrošnje hrane i konverzije hrane, zabilježene su također značajno bolje vrijednosti u pilića pokusnih skupina prema pilićima kontrolne skupine. Tako je dnevna konzumacija hrane bila veća u prvom razdoblju tova od 25,5 % u pokusnoj I do 8,9 %, u pokusnoj II skupini, uz bolju konverziju hrane u istim pokusnim skupinama, za 6,7 %, odnosno 5,3 %. Kakvoća pilećih trupova dobivenih rasijecanjem, pokazala je veće vrijednosti relativnog udjela prsa i abdominalne masti u pilića pokusne II skupine, statistički visoko značajne (P<0,01) prema kontrolnoj skupini, a statistički značajne (P<0,05) manje vrijednosti za parametre batak i nadbatak, te krila. Analizom kemijskog sastava crvenog mesa pilića, potvrđena je bolja nutritivna vrijednost mesa u pokusnoj II skupini, s tim da utvrđene pozitivne razlike pokusne skupine nisu bile statistički značajne (P>0,05).Concerning the fact that fodder pea as a legume seed contains several antinutritive substances (in small amounts), it is not favourable in high concentrations as a component part of feeding fowls in a raw form. The aim of our research was to compare 30 %, and 60 % of isoprotein substitute of soybean meal and thermally treated fodder pea in the complete mixtures for fattening chickens. The final body mass of chickens shows that the chickens in the experimental group, at the end of the experiment, were 14.6 % in P I and 15.3 % in P II better than the chickens in the control group and the differences were statistically highly justified (P<0,01). The second indicator that we watched, the average daily gain, showed over certain fattening periods significantly better increase in the chickens of the experimental group I and II comparing to the chickens in the control group (P<0,01). Looking at the consumption and the conversion of feed, we also noticed better values in chickens in the experimental group than those in the control group. Therefore, the daily consumption of feed was higher in the first fattening period from 25.5 % in the experimental group I to 8.9 % in the experimental group II with better feed conversion in the same experimental groups by 6.7 % and 5.3 % respectively. The quality of chicken carcass, showed higher values of relative breast share and the abdominal fat in chickens in the experimental group II. They were statistically highly significant (P<0,01) in comparison to the control group with lower values to the thigh, drumstick and wing parametres (P<0,05). Dark meat chemical analysis confirmed better nutritive value of meat in the experimental group II, with the fact that the observed positive differences of the experimental group were not statistically significant (P>0,05)

Fragmentiranost europskog zračnog prostora: Procjena zasnovana na troškovnoj učinkovitosti

Due to the ANSPs’ (Air Navigation Service Providers’) unit rates variability in different European airspace areas, the AUs (Airspace Users) pay different financial amounts for the same ANS (Air Navigation Service) provision. The AUs’ interest is to achieve the lowest possible operational costs, so it is often the case that the aircraft, if there is an alternative, fly on longer but economically more acceptable routes through cheaper charging zones. Over the time, the application of such practice has led to the creation of different business interests – that is a critical issue hindering further air transport development in Europe. This paper investigates the research question of whether and if so, how the European airspace is fragmented in terms of cost-efficiency features. By the application of the spatial autocorrelation methodology, i.e. by associating every ANSP’s unit rate value with its spatial position within the European ATM (Air Traffic Management) system, the research question has been answered. Research findings indicate that the European airspace is fragmented from a cost-efficiency aspect and divided into several different homogeneous areas. Such areas are characterized by a certain similarity level of adjacent unit rates, whereas one charging zone represents a hotspot in terms of its dissimilarity to adjacent spatial units.Zbog varijabilnosti jediničnih cijena Pružatelja usluga u zračnoj plovidbi na različitim područjima europskog zračnog prostora, korisnici zračnog prostora za istu uslugu u zračnoj plovidbi plaćaju različite financijske iznose. Interes korisnika zračnog prostora je ostvariti što niže operativne troškove, pa je čest slučaj da zrakoplov, ukoliko postoji alternativa, leti dužim, ali ekonomski prihvatljivijim rutama kroz jeftinije naplatne zone. Tijekom vremena, primjena takve prakse dovela je do stvaranja različitih poslovnih interesa - što predstavlja kritični problem koji ometa daljnji razvoj zračnog prometa u Europi. Ovaj rad se bavi proučavanjem istraživačkog pitanja je li i ukoliko jest, kako je europski zračni prostor fragmentiran s aspekta troškovne učinkovitosti. Primjenom metodologije prostorne autokorelacije, tj. povezivanjem jediničnih cijena Pružatelja usluga u zračnoj plovidbi s njegovim prostornim položajem u okviru europskog sustava upravljanja zračnim prometom, dobiva se odgovor na postavljeno istraživačko pitanje. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je europski zračni prostor fragmentiran s aspekta troškovne učinkovitosti i da je podijeljen u nekoliko različitih homogenih područja. Pri tom, takva područja karakterizirana su određenom razinom sličnosti susjednih jediničnih cijena, dok jedna naplatna zona predstavlja žarišno područje u smislu svoje neusklađenosti sa susjednim prostornim jedinicama

UTJECAJ DODATKA SELENA U HRANU OVACA I JANJADI NA PROIZVODNA SVOJSTVA I EKSTERIJERNE ODLIKE JANJADI

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of dietary selenium supplementation (organic, inorganic) to high pregnant and lactating ewes on the production performance and exterior characteristics of their lambs. The research included 30 pregnant Merinolandschaf ewes and lambs. The control group of ewes and lambs ration (group I) was composed of 300 g/day/animal feed mixture without the addition of selenium and 150 g/day/animal, barley and alfalfa hay which they had ad libitum. Feed mixture of group II was supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of Selplex®, and the third group with the same amount of Sodium selenite. The average body weight of lambs at the age of 23 days was significantly (P<0.05) bigger in the group given inorganic selenium in comparison to the control group. Addition of inorganic (P<0.01) or organic (P<0.05) selenium led to a significantly better exterior characteristics in lambs at the age of 63 days comparing them with the control group of lambs. A significant by (P<0.05) better indices of body proportions and body mass are evident in younger lambs whose mothers, and they, were fed mixtures with the addition of inorganic selenium. Indexes of anamorphosis, body condition and massiveness were better (P<0.05) in older lambs which had organic form of selenium added to feed mixture. Results of current study suggest that the form of Se source used in this research, has a limited potential for improving the production performance of lambs especially if there was no significant lack of seleniumCilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka selena (organskog, anorganskog) u krmnu smjesu visoko gravidnih ovaca i ovaca u laktaciji na proizvodna svojstva i eksterijerne odlike njihove janjadi. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 Merinolandšaf ovaca i janjadi. Obrok kontrolne skupine ovaca i janjadi (skupina I) bio je sastavljen od 300 g/danu/životinji krmne smjese bez dodatka selena te 150 g/danu/životinji ječma i sijena lucerne kojeg su imale ad libitum. U krmnu smjesu II skupine dodano je 0,3 mg/kg Selplexa®, a u treću ista količina natrij selenita. Prosječna tjelesna masa janjadi u dobi od 23 dana bila je značajno (P<0,05) veća u skupini s dodatkom anorganskog selena u odnosu na kontrolnu. Dodatak anorganskog (P<0,01) ili organskog (P<0,05) selena vodi značajno boljim eksterijernim odlikama u janjadi prosječne dobi od 63 dana u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu janjadi. Značajno bolji (P<0,05) indeksi tjelesnih proporcija i tjelesne mase utvrđeni su u mlađe janjadi čije su majke a i oni imali dodatak anorganskog selena u krmnoj smjesi. Indeksi anamorfoznosti, tjelesne kondicije i mišićavosti su značajno (P<0,05) bolji u starije janjadi čije su majke a i oni imali dodatak organskog selena u krmnoj smjesi. Rezultati upućuju da izvor selena u krmnoj smjesi u ovom istraživanju ima ograničavajući potencijal u poboljšanju proizvodnih svojstava janjadi osobito ukoliko prethodno nije prisutan veliki nedostatak, već samo manjak selena

The Analysis of Variability of Indicators Associated with Prevalence of Subclinical Ketosis/Acidosis in Dairy Cattle

Metabolic disorders of dairy cows, primarily ketosis and acidosis, are one of the most significant problems in dairy herd management. Numerous studies have shown that metabolic disorders induce economic losses for milk producers due to treatment costs, reduced milk production, impaired reproduction, and ultimately increased animal excretion rates. Given the above, and for the purpose of sustainable management of the dairy herd, it is extremely important to detect as early as possible the cows that are at risk of subclinical metabolic disorders and to prevent the development of the clinical form in time. On dairy farms, milk recording is performed every month, which includes the collection of data on the productivity of dairy cattle that are in the system of breeding and selection work. The results of milk recording together with the pedigree data, the basis for calculating the breeding value of cattle and for the implementation of selection in accordance with the breeding program of each breed, also allow the breeder to improve dairy herd management and timely detection of metabolic disorders in the subclinical phase using precision dairy farming technologies. The daily content of milk fat and protein represents the basis for estimating the prevalence, with the optimal values of the ratio of milk fat and protein being 1.1 - 1.5, while the deviation from the same indicates the prevalence of acidosis or ketosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical disorders of Simmental and Holstein cows depending on the season by applying precision dairy farming technologies- that is, the results of milk recording. Our logical control dataset consisted of over 1.6 million of test day records (Holstein cows: 805,247 records/ 69,368 animals/ 4,998 farms; and Simmental cows: 845,514 records/ 78,540 animals/ 7,242 farms). Conducted analysis indicated that daily milk production, stage of lactation, parity, age at first calving, milk recording, and cattle breed significantly affected daily fat and protein content as well as F/P ratio. Also, determined higher values of F/P ratio in winter period indicates higher ketosis prevalence risk, while lower values of F/P ratio in summer period indicates higher acidosis prevalence risk. Finally, in order to more precisely predict the ketosis / acidosis prevalence in dairy cows based on milk recording data, factor that significantly affects the variability of daily fat and protein content, and consequently the fat to protein ratio as well as the prevalence risk of metabolic disorders should be taken into account

The Analysis of Variability of Indicators Associated with Prevalence of Subclinical Ketosis/Acidosis in Dairy Cattle

Metabolic disorders of dairy cows, primarily ketosis and acidosis, are one of the most significant problems in dairy herd management. Numerous studies have shown that metabolic disorders induce economic losses for milk producers due to treatment costs, reduced milk production, impaired reproduction, and ultimately increased animal excretion rates. Given the above, and for the purpose of sustainable management of the dairy herd, it is extremely important to detect as early as possible the cows that are at risk of subclinical metabolic disorders and to prevent the development of the clinical form in time. On dairy farms, milk recording is performed every month, which includes the collection of data on the productivity of dairy cattle that are in the system of breeding and selection work. The results of milk recording together with the pedigree data, the basis for calculating the breeding value of cattle and for the implementation of selection in accordance with the breeding program of each breed, also allow the breeder to improve dairy herd management and timely detection of metabolic disorders in the subclinical phase using precision dairy farming technologies. The daily content of milk fat and protein represents the basis for estimating the prevalence, with the optimal values of the ratio of milk fat and protein being 1.1 - 1.5, while the deviation from the same indicates the prevalence of acidosis or ketosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical disorders of Simmental and Holstein cows depending on the season by applying precision dairy farming technologies- that is, the results of milk recording. Our logical control dataset consisted of over 1.6 million of test day records (Holstein cows: 805,247 records/ 69,368 animals/ 4,998 farms; and Simmental cows: 845,514 records/ 78,540 animals/ 7,242 farms). Conducted analysis indicated that daily milk production, stage of lactation, parity, age at first calving, milk recording, and cattle breed significantly affected daily fat and protein content as well as F/P ratio. Also, determined higher values of F/P ratio in winter period indicates higher ketosis prevalence risk, while lower values of F/P ratio in summer period indicates higher acidosis prevalence risk. Finally, in order to more precisely predict the ketosis / acidosis prevalence in dairy cows based on milk recording data, factor that significantly affects the variability of daily fat and protein content, and consequently the fat to protein ratio as well as the prevalence risk of metabolic disorders should be taken into account

Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja

The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words Anthos, meaning flower, and kyanose, meaning blue. Anthocyanins give red, purple, and blue colors to plants. In acidic conditions, they appear as red pigments and in alkaline conditions, they appear as blue pigments. The intensive nature of agricultural (animal) production, with a high density of individuals in animal production facilities, very often contributes to the occurrence of disorders and diseases in animals that threaten this production. A major problem for the animal organism is the effects and consequences of oxidative stress or excessive production of free radicals, which are the main cause of metabolic disorders in cows in the transition period, and antioxidants can prevent or at least mitigate these conditions. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants play an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Some anthocyanin species may have an enhancing effect on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive tract. In our region, colored corn, wheat, barley, and sorghum can be used as anthocyanin sources in the domestic animal diet, black soybean, rye, and black and red rice also have high anthocyanin content. Purple corn can accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial corn varieties.Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja. Riječ antocijanin dolazi od grčkih riječi anthos, što označuje cvijet te kyanose što označuje plavu boju. Antocijanini biljkama daju crvenu, ljubičastu i plavu boju. U kiselim uvjetima se pojavljuje kao crveni pigment, a u lužnatim kao plavi pigment. Intenzivan način poljoprivredne (stočarske) proizvodnje s velikom gustoćom jedinki unutar proizvodnih objekata za životinje vrlo često pridonosi pojavi poremećaja i bolesti životinja koje ugrožavaju tu proizvodnju. Veliki problem za životinjski organizam su učinci i posljedice oksidacijskog stresa, odnosno prekomjerne proizvodnje slobodnih radikala koji su glavni uzrok metaboličkih poremećaja kod krava u prijelaznom razdoblju, a antioksidansi mogu spriječiti ili barem ublažiti ta stanja. Antocijanini kao izvor prirodnih antioksidanata imaju važnu ulogu u povećavanju antioksidacijskog potencijala koji štiti stanicu od oksidacijske štete. Biodostupnost antocijanina je relativno niska s obzirom na relativno slabu apsorpcija u probavnom sustavu životinja. Neke vrste antocijanina mogu imati pospješujući učinak na ekspresiju mRNA i aktivnost superoksid dismutaze. Na našem području kao izvor antocijanina u hranidbi domaćih životinja ponajviše se može koristiti ljubičasti kukuruz, ljubičasta pšenica, ljubičasti ječam te ljubičasti sirak, ali valja spomenuti i crnu soju, raž te crnu i crvenu rižu koji također posjeduju značajni sadržaj antocijana. Ljubičasti kukuruz ima sposobnost nakupljanja značajno više antocijanina u odnosu na komercijalne sorte običnog kukuruza

Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja

The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words Anthos, meaning flower, and kyanose, meaning blue. Anthocyanins give red, purple, and blue colors to plants. In acidic conditions, they appear as red pigments and in alkaline conditions, they appear as blue pigments. The intensive nature of agricultural (animal) production, with a high density of individuals in animal production facilities, very often contributes to the occurrence of disorders and diseases in animals that threaten this production. A major problem for the animal organism is the effects and consequences of oxidative stress or excessive production of free radicals, which are the main cause of metabolic disorders in cows in the transition period, and antioxidants can prevent or at least mitigate these conditions. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants play an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Some anthocyanin species may have an enhancing effect on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive tract. In our region, colored corn, wheat, barley, and sorghum can be used as anthocyanin sources in the domestic animal diet, black soybean, rye, and black and red rice also have high anthocyanin content. Purple corn can accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial corn varieties.Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja. Riječ antocijanin dolazi od grčkih riječi anthos, što označuje cvijet te kyanose što označuje plavu boju. Antocijanini biljkama daju crvenu, ljubičastu i plavu boju. U kiselim uvjetima se pojavljuje kao crveni pigment, a u lužnatim kao plavi pigment. Intenzivan način poljoprivredne (stočarske) proizvodnje s velikom gustoćom jedinki unutar proizvodnih objekata za životinje vrlo često pridonosi pojavi poremećaja i bolesti životinja koje ugrožavaju tu proizvodnju. Veliki problem za životinjski organizam su učinci i posljedice oksidacijskog stresa, odnosno prekomjerne proizvodnje slobodnih radikala koji su glavni uzrok metaboličkih poremećaja kod krava u prijelaznom razdoblju, a antioksidansi mogu spriječiti ili barem ublažiti ta stanja. Antocijanini kao izvor prirodnih antioksidanata imaju važnu ulogu u povećavanju antioksidacijskog potencijala koji štiti stanicu od oksidacijske štete. Biodostupnost antocijanina je relativno niska s obzirom na relativno slabu apsorpcija u probavnom sustavu životinja. Neke vrste antocijanina mogu imati pospješujući učinak na ekspresiju mRNA i aktivnost superoksid dismutaze. Na našem području kao izvor antocijanina u hranidbi domaćih životinja ponajviše se može koristiti ljubičasti kukuruz, ljubičasta pšenica, ljubičasti ječam te ljubičasti sirak, ali valja spomenuti i crnu soju, raž te crnu i crvenu rižu koji također posjeduju značajni sadržaj antocijana. Ljubičasti kukuruz ima sposobnost nakupljanja značajno više antocijanina u odnosu na komercijalne sorte običnog kukuruza