836 research outputs found
Antireflection coatings for improving optical properties of concentrated photovoltaics
Le photovoltaĂŻque concentrĂ© (CPV) est une technologie de production dâĂ©nergie solaire au coĂ»t potentiellement moins Ă©levĂ© que le photovoltaĂŻque standard dans certaines rĂ©gions, et ce, avec un impact rĂ©duit sur lâenvironnement. Pour augmenter lâefficacitĂ© de conversion Ă©nergĂ©tique du CPV, nous visons Ă rĂ©duire les pertes par rĂ©flexion et absorption Ă la surface des cellules. Ce mĂ©moire prĂ©sente les travaux de recherche effectuĂ©s pour Ă©tudier cette problĂ©matique et proposer deux solutions innovantes pour augmenter les performances des cellules solaires CPV.
Les revĂȘtements antireflets (ARC) utilisĂ©s dans l'industrie du CPV sont connus pour offrir une mauvaise isolation contre l'humiditĂ©, l'oxygĂšne et autres contaminants. Ce mĂ©moire propose l'utilisation de nitrure de silicium Ă indice de rĂ©fraction Ă©levĂ© et basse absorption pour une meilleure encapsulation par l'ARC. En outre, cette Ă©tude sâintĂ©resse aux avantages de l'Ă©limination de la couche de fenĂȘtre absorbante en AlInP grĂące Ă la passivation par effet de champ Ă partir de charges fixes dans le nitrure.
Le remplacement de la couche de fenĂȘtre par un ARC Ă base de SiN augmente la rĂ©ponse spectrale dans l'UV et la lumiĂšre bleue, mais rĂ©duit la rĂ©ponse dans le visible, en raison d'une passivation de surface plus faible qui augmente la vitesse de recombinaison des porteurs minoritaires Ă la surface. Ceci pourrait avoir le potentiel d'augmenter l'efficacitĂ© des cellules solaires mais n'a pas pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ©.
Un ARC microstructurĂ© peut aussi rĂ©duire les rĂ©flexions pour une large gamme dâangles dâincidence en crĂ©ant un gradient d'indice de rĂ©fraction effectif qui lisse la transition optique entre l'air et un milieu transparent Ă haut indice. Un revĂȘtement de microbilles dĂ©posĂ©es dĂ©veloppĂ© dans cette Ă©tude a permis d'augmenter le courant produit par des cellules solaires de 2,26 % pour des billes de 1000 nm sur une couche de silicone. Ces rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s Ă partir du spectre d'efficacitĂ© quantique externe.Abstract : Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV) is a less expensive solar power generation technology
than standard photovoltaics in some regions, with a reduced environmental impact. To
increase the energy conversion efficiency of CPV, we aim to reduce reflection and absorption
losses at the cell surface. This report presents the research work carried out to study this
problem and to propose two innovative solutions to increase the performance of CPV solar
cells. Anti-reflection coatings (ARC) used in the CPV industry are known to provide poor
insulation against moisture, oxygen and other contaminants. This research proposes
the use of silicon nitride with a high refractive index and low absorption for a better
encapsulation by ARC. In addition, this paper investigates the benefits of removing the
absorbent AlInP window layer by field effect passivation from fixed charges in the nitride.
Replacing the window layer with an SiN-based ARC increases the spectral response in
UV and blue light but reduces the response in the visible due to lower surface passivation.
This could have the potential to increase the efficiency of solar cells but could not be
demonstrated. A microstructured ARC can also reduce reflections over a wide range of incidence angles by creating an effective refractive index gradient that smoothes the optical transition between
air and a transparent high-index medium. A coating of deposited microbeads developed in
this study increased the current produced by solar cells by 2.26 % for 1000nm beads on a
silicone layer. These results were measured from the external quantum efficiency spectrum
Intégration de mesures d'adaptation aux changements climatiques dans la gouvernance des aires marines protégées du Canada
Un fort consensus unit la communautĂ© scientifique internationale touchant la haute valeur que revĂȘtent les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es pour la conservation des Ă©cosystĂšmes ocĂ©aniques. La viabilitĂ© Ă long terme des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es est toutefois tributaire dâune relative fixitĂ© de la biogĂ©ographie des Ă©cosystĂšmes marins Ă lâĂ©chelle des dĂ©cennies. Or, une telle prĂ©misse ne peut sâinscrire harmonieusement dans un contexte oĂč les incidences des changements engendrent une variabilitĂ© accrue des conditions environnementales qui rĂšgnent sur les biomes mondiaux et partant, sont appelĂ©s Ă altĂ©rer la rĂ©partition des espĂšces, ainsi que la composition des communautĂ©s biologiques. Les perturbations des ocĂ©ans par lâaltĂ©ration anthropique du climat commandent de penser sous un nouveau jour la gestion des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es afin de favoriser la rĂ©silience des Ă©cosystĂšmes, ainsi que la viabilitĂ© et lâefficience des mesures de conservation mises en oeuvre pour les protĂ©ger. Ă la lumiĂšre de lâĂ©tude du portrait de la conservation du domaine maritime canadien, de lâexamen des incidences des changements climatiques sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes marins du Canada, ainsi que de lâanalyse des voies de gouvernance des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es face aux changements climatiques, la dĂ©marche dâanalyse multidimensionnelle sur laquelle se fonde cet essai porte ses fruits sous la forme de propositions dâaxes dĂ©cisionnels pour lâintĂ©gration de mesures dâadaptation aux changements climatiques dans la gestion du rĂ©seau national du Canada.
Les recommandations issues de lâĂ©tude des aspects prĂ©citĂ©s de la conservation marine sâarticulent autour de certains concepts clĂ©s, notamment lâadoption dâune nouvelle conception dâintĂ©gritĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes, lâattĂ©nuation des stress environnementaux non climatiques, la considĂ©ration de la rĂ©silience naturelle des Ă©cosystĂšmes dans le choix des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es, de mĂȘme que lâorchestration unifiĂ©e du rĂ©seau dâaires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et de la matrice spatiale dans laquelle il sâenchĂąsse, ainsi que lâinstauration de mesures de conservation proactives orientĂ©es par lâusage raisonnĂ© dâinstruments dĂ©cisionnels prĂ©dictifs. Le constat qui se dĂ©gage de la dĂ©marche analytique entreprise lors de la rĂ©alisation de cet essai est que nombre des mesures dâadaptation composant lâĂ©ventail de propositions y Ă©tant formulĂ©es peuvent sâinscrire de maniĂšre harmonieuse dans le cadre de conservation actuel des ocĂ©ans canadiens. Certaines dâentre elles requiĂšrent nĂ©anmoins des acteurs de la conservation une certaine rĂ©orientation conceptuelle des objectifs et des voies de conservation. Lâatteinte dâune adĂ©quation entre les avenues actuelles de gestion des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et les impĂ©ratifs de la conservation dans un contexte de changements climatiques reprĂ©sente un Ă©lĂ©ment essentiel afin dâobvier aux prĂ©judices irrĂ©mĂ©diables quâencourent nombre dâĂ©cosystĂšmes face Ă lâaltĂ©ration anthropique du climat
Advanced bioengineering technologies for preclinical research
Current in vitro practices must overcome important challenges to compare favorably with human studies. The limited applicability of conventional in vitro assays and strategies can be explained by the fact that standard approaches do not enable recapitulation of the complexity of human tissues and physiological functions. To address this challenge, novel bioengineering tools, techniques and technologies are rapidly emerging to advance current fundamental knowledge and innovate in vitro practices. For example, organs-on-a-chip have recently appeared as a small-scale solution to overcome the transability, financial and ethical concerns associated with animal studies in drug discovery and development. In parallel, biomimetic interfaces are increasingly recapitulating 3D structures with tissue-like dynamic properties to allow in-depth investigation of disease mechanisms. This review aims at highlighting current bioengineering approaches poised to address the shortcomings of conventional in vitro research practices towards the generation of more effective solutions for improving human health
Designing polymers for cartilage uptake: effects of architecture and molar mass.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive disease, involving the progressive breakdown of cartilage, as well as changes to the synovium, and bone. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments available clinically. An increasing understanding of the disease pathophysiology is leading to new potential therapeutics, but improved approaches are needed to deliver these drugs, particularly to cartilage tissue, which is avascular and contains a dense matrix of collagens and negatively charged aggrecan proteoglycans. Cationic delivery vehicles have been shown to effectively penetrate cartilage, but these studies have thus far largely focused on proteins or nanoparticles, and the effects of macromolecular architectures have not yet been explored. Described here is the synthesis of a small library of polycations composed of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APMA) with linear, 4-arm, or 8-arm structures and varying degrees of polymerization (DP) by reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Uptake and retention of the polycations in bovine articular cartilage was assessed. While all polycations penetrated cartilage, uptake and retention generally increased with DP before decreasing for the highest DP. In addition, uptake and retention were higher for the linear polycations compared to the 4-arm and 8-arm polycations. In general, the polycations were well tolerated by bovine chondrocytes, but the highest DP polycations imparted greater cytotoxicity. Overall, this study reveals that linear polymer architectures may be more favorable for binding to the cartilage matrix and that the DP can be tuned to maximize uptake while minimizing cytotoxicity
The Alestle - Vol. 58 No. 66 - 07/26/2006
Vol. 58 No. 6
Evaluation of Annual Companion Crops for the Establishment of Perennial Forage Crops in Eastern Canada
The use of companion crops when establishing perennial forages is desirable as it often reduces weed growth and increases forage biomass in the seeding year. In eastern Canada, oat (Avena sativa L.) is the main species used as companion crop; although other species are used, they have not been systematically evaluated. A field study was established in 2019 at three sites in Québec, Canada, to contrast the use of six annual species as companion crops for the establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)-timothy (Phleum pratense L.) mixtures. Species evaluated include berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lamarck), forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), forage oat, Japanese millet [Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz], and sudangrass [Sorghum à drummondii (Nees ex. Steud.) Millsp. & Chase]. The control treatment consisted of the perennial species seeded without companion crop. Treatments were seeded at three dates (mid-May to early-June, mid-June to early-July, and early August) and evaluated during the seeding year based on biomass production and botanical composition. Overall, across sites, for the first two seeding dates, highest annual forage yields were observed with sudangrass, Japanese millet, and oat as companion crops. The use of these species increased yields by 1.8 to 2.5 Mg ha-1 on a dry matter basis (DM) compared to the control which yielded an average of 3.7 Mg DM ha-1. For the early August seeding, response varied significantly across sites. Annual yields were the highest with the use of oat at two sites (avg. of 2.4 Mg DM ha-1), whereas no differences between treatments were observed at the other site. Companion crop species which maximized total forage yields in the seeding year often reduced weed biomass, but also that of perennial species. The impact of treatments on the survival of perennial forages and their production during the first post-seeding year will be presented in a later publication
Ring nebulae around Wolf-Rayet stars in M33 as seen by SITELLE
We have conducted an analysis of nebulae around Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars in M33
using data collected by the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer SITELLE at
the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope as part of the SIGNALS Large Program. Of the
211 known Wolf-Rayet stars in M33, 178 are located in the fields observed in
this study. We present the results of this analysis in the form of a
comprehensive summary of all nebulae found around the observed WR stars. Based
on three criteria we find to be the most effective for their detection, we
detect a clear association with a circumstellar bubble around 33 of them
(19\%). Our results show that the presence of bubbles does not correlate with
the spectral type of the central star. The mean diameter of the WR nebulae we
have found is 21 parsecs.Comment: 52 pages, 57 figures, accepted by MNRA
Faire-face aux changements ensemble (FACE) : mieux sâadapter aux changements climatiques au Canada et en Afrique de lâOuest dans le domaine des ressources en eau - rapport final
Vu la fin prĂ©maturĂ©e du projet initial, un court nouveau projet intitulĂ© « Les leishmanioses canines: rĂ©Ă©valuation des transmissions, prophylaxie et indicateur Ă©pidĂ©miologique en sante publique », sous la direction du professeur Abdelkbir Rhalem, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et des zoonoses parasitaires de lâInstitut Agronomique et VĂ©tĂ©rinaire Hassan II au Maroc, en collaboration avec le ministĂšre de la santĂ© (Dr Abderrahmane Laamrani El Idrissi, Chef de Service des Maladies parasitaires) a Ă©tĂ© amorcĂ© en janvier 2015. Ce projet vise (1) Ă Ă©valuer le rĂŽle rĂ©servoir du chien pour des parasites du genre Leishmania sp. responsables chez lâhomme de la forme viscĂ©rale (L.infantum) et les formes cutanĂ©es (L.infantum Mon- 24 et L. tropica) et (2) Ă utiliser le modĂšle chien comme indicateur de santĂ© publique pour dĂ©terminer les conditions de transmission de la maladie et son Ă©volution (prĂ©valence et incidence). La premiĂšre phase sâest terminĂ©e avec succĂšs et la deuxiĂšme phase est amorcĂ©e (rapport prĂ©vu fin 2016)
Are Paleomagnetic Records From UâChannels Appropriate for Studies of Reversals and Excursions?
Sampling of sediment cores using plastic Uâchannels has made possible the acquisition of detailed records of paleomagnetic secular variation, geomagnetic polarity, environmental magnetic studies, and relative paleointensity over the past several million years. Uâchannel measurements provide the great advantage of rapid measurements of long sediment cores, but the signal resolution is attenuated by the response function of the magnetometer sensors, which therefore restrains the recovery of rapid and largeâamplitude field changes. Here we focus on the suitability of the dynamics of reversals and excursions derived from Uâchannel measurements. We compare successive individual paleomagnetic directions of 1.5 cm Ă 1.5 cm Ă 1.5 cm cubic discrete samples with those of a 1.5âm equivalent Uâchannel sample train obtained by placing the samples adjacent to each other. We use varying excursion and transition lengths and generate transitional directions that resemble those of the most detailed paleomagnetic records. Excursions with opposite polarity directions recorded over less than 7.5 cm are barely detected in Uâchannel measurements. Regarding reversals, Uâchannel measurements smooth the signal of lowâresolution records and generate artificial transitional directions. Despite producing misleading similarities with the overall structure of transition records, longer transitional intervals fail also to reproduce the complexity of field changes. Finally, we test the convolution of magnetization by different response functions. The simulation reveals that even small response function changes can generate significant differences in results. -- Keywords : geomagnetic reversals ; geomagnetic excursions ; paleomagnetic measurements
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