Technique [Volume 89, Issue 3]

ACC offers invitation to Miami, Va. TechAdvisory groups help students get involved academicallyA Few Reasons why I love (and hate) Georgia TechAguilera's concert proves to be emotional rollercoasterBoard of Regents makes exemptions in testing policyBreaking the BubbleDisappointed in GTPDFaces in the CrowdGTCN approves new cable channel line upHot or NotHow to prevent the summer doldrumsJackets place at U.S. Track & Field NationalsNews BriefsNew sorority helps Christian women bondOur Views: Consensus OpinionRamblin' Nights unveils fall 2004 scheduleReading encourages the imaginationShuffle at Athletic Association replaces MooreSport ShortsThe Hiss return to Atlanta after touring with Oasi

Technique [Volume 89, Issue 5]

NOTE: These PDF files were created from the HTML issue on the Technique's website, since no original PDF version exists.2003 Georgia Tech Football: New year, new challengesAA changes ticket pick-up procedureA Global Trek with View from TechAll about the TechniqueAtlanta offers many options for movie lovers of all kindsBeyond the White and GoldBob Furniss takes over as new Parking directorBored yet? Find out what Tech and Atlanta have to offerBreaking the Bubbleby the numbersCar thefts jump sharplyDying to see the BYU Game? Check this outFaces in the CrowdFrom the archives...GTCN revamps cable line-up, adds forty new channelsGT numbers: why I'm gtg and you're gteIneligibilities cause shake-upIt's not just the freshman fifteen anymore: America is fatIt's Official: Miami and Virginia Tech are inNew director brings New York experience to choral programNews BriefsOld-fashioned trolley bridges Technology Square gapOUR VIEWS Consensus OpinionOUR VIEWS Hot or NotPolicy change allows some students to exempt Regents'Recycling isn't just for aluminum cans and newspapersSafe Space program provides haven for GLBT and alliesSeabiscuit proves to be champion by too many lengthsSmith leads by example, on and off the fieldSport ShortsStudents face tuition increaseStudents return from summer vacation to a completed Technology SquareSweeping out my digital dust bunniesTech leads in black engineering degreesTechnique CredoThe Hiss return to Atlanta after touring with OasisThink you know Rock? Get to know MoRisen RecordsThis "old" man dishes out adviceWoodruff re-opening delayedYOUR VIEWS Letters to the Edito

Cyber Conflicts in International Relations: Framework and Case Studies

Although cyber conflict is no longer considered particularly unusual, significant uncertainties remain about the nature, scale, scope and other critical features of it. This study addresses a subset of these issues by developing an internally consistent framework and applying it to a series of 17 case studies. We present each case in terms of (a) its socio-political context, (b) technical features, (c) the outcome and inferences drawn in the sources examined. The profile of each case includes the actors, their actions, tools they used and power relationships, and the outcomes with inferences or observations. Our findings include: • Cyberspace has brought in a number of new players – activists, shady government contractors – to international conflict, and traditional actors (notably states) have increasingly recognized the importance of the domain. • The involvement of the private sector on cybersecurity (“cyber defense”) has been critical: 16 out of the 17 cases studied involved the private sector either in attack or defense. • All of the major international cyber conflicts presented here have been related to an ongoing conflict (“attack” or “war”) in the physical domain. • Rich industrialized countries with a highly developed ICT infrastructure are at a higher risk concerning cyber attacks. • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is by far the most common type of cyber attack. • Air-gapped (not connected to the public Internet) networks have not been exempt from attacks. • A perpetrator does not need highly specialized technical knowledge to intrude computer networks. • The potential damage of a cyber strike is likely to continue increasing as the Internet expands. • The size of the actor under attack could have an influence on its ability to deter the attackers with actions in the physical world. • The entrance barriers (including the monetary cost) for any actor to get involved in a conflict seem to be much lower in the cyber domain than in the physical domain. • Accountability on the Internet is difficult, and gets further obscured when the attacks transcend national borders. This fact has probably made cyber attacks desirable for major military powers such as China, Russia and the United States. In many ways, this paper is a re-analysis of the case studies set presented on A Fierce Domain: Conflict in Cyberspace, 1986 to 2012 recently published by the Atlantic Council. In addition, we draw upon other materials (academic and media) to expand our understanding of each case, and add several cases to the original collection resulting in a data set of 17 cyber conflict, spanning almost three decades (1985-2013). Cuckoo's Egg, Morris Worm, Solar Sunrise, Electronic Disturbance Theater, ILOVEYOU, Chinese Espionage, Estonia, Russo-Georgian war, Conficker, NSA-Snowden, WikiLeaks and Stuxnet are some of the major cases included.This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N00014-09-1-0597. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations therein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research