82 research outputs found
Indian Bioethics: the Issue of Female Foeticide and Infanticide. A Sikh Perspective
A specific bioethical problem which India encounters today, in the era of prenatal diagnostics, is the problem of the foeticide or infanticide of female children. This problem has also been discussed at various international bioethical conferences as it was the case in February 2003 at the 8th International Bioethical Roundtable (TRT8) in the Japanese Science City of Tsukuba, and in March 2002 in Leiden (Netherlands) at the Asian Genomics ā Cultural Values and Bioethical Practice conference. This paper presents some of the key theses resulting from the discussion at the above conferences, and also warns of the serious problem of the misuse of modern medical technology and diagnostics, which should primarily be used for a timely detection of various genetically conditioned diseases or disorders of the course of the intra-uterus life of the baby, rather than, as it is the case in India, to enable the (de)termination of the foetus according to sex. That is, the Indian society is dominated by men, and male children are highly valued, whereas female children are exceptionally discriminated against. This dicrimination is manifested through female children not being provided adequate nutrition or medical care, along with pronounced emotional deprivation. The most recent and, in the same time, worst form of discrimination is exactly female foeticide or infanticide, which ā this should be specifically mentioned ā is most often carried out in the Indian state Tamil Nadu
Informed consent ā conceptual, empirical and normative issues
Informirani pristanak je izjava bolesnika ili ispitanika nekog znanstvenog istraživanja
koja lijeÄnika ili medicinskog istraživaÄa opunomoÄuje da provede odreÄene mjere, terapiju ili
da ukljuÄi ispitanika u istraživaÄki protokol. Kako u svojim teorijskim (pret)postavkama, tako i u
praktiÄnoj primjeni u svakodnevnoj kliniÄkoj praksi, suvremena medicinsko-etiÄka doktrina informiranog
pristanka susreÄe se s tri vrste problema: konceptualni problemi (pokuÅ”ati razluÄiti
znaÄenje i (pred)uvjete informiranog pristanka), empirijski problemi (pokuÅ”ati saznati, primjerice,
koliko vremena treba da bismo dali informaciju u odreÄenim uvjetima i koliko je data informacija
shvatljiva za bolesnika ili rodbinu) i normativni problemi (pokuŔati ustanoviti kada,
kako i Äijom obvezom smatrati informirani pristanak).
DerivirajuÄi (formalno i sadržajno) koncept informiranog pristanka iz (bio)etiÄkih principa dobroÄinstva
i autonomije, te pronalazeÄi uporiÅ”te u domaÄoj i meÄunarodnoj medicinsko-etiÄko-
pravnoj regulaciji informiranog pristanka (Zakon o zaŔtiti prava pacijenata RH, HelsinŔka deklaracija,
UNESCO-va opÄa deklaracija o bioetici i ljudskim pravima) prepoznaje se prisustvo
viÅ”edimenzionalnog okvira za pristup razrjeÅ”avanju pitanja optereÄenih moralnim vrijednostima,
prisutnih unutar sustava zdravstvene skrbi.Informed Consent is a statement of the patient or subjects of a scientific research,
which empowers physicians or medical researchers to conduct a certain medical procedure,
therapy, or enroll subjects in the scientific-research protocol. In its theoretical settings, as
well as in practical application in everyday clinical practice, modern medical-ethical doctrine
of informed consent encounters three types of issues: conceptual issues (try to discern the
meaning and (pre)conditions of informed consent), empirical issues (try to find out, for example,
how much time should be given to disclose information in certain circumstances,
and how the information is understandable to the patient or his/her relatives) and normative
issues (try to establish when, how, and whose obligation should informed consent be
considered).
Derivation (formal and contextual) of the concept of informed consent from the ethical
principles of beneficence and autonomy, and finding of a ground floor in the domestic and
international medical-ethical-legal regulation of informed consent (Law on protection of patientsā
rights, Helsinki Declaration, UNESCOās Universal declaration on bioethics and human
rights) recognizes the presence of multidimensional framework for resolving morally burdened
issues present within the health care system
Bioethics Consultations
Konzultacije u zdravstvenoj skrbi su usluge koje pruža pojedinac ili grupa s ciljem pomaganja pacijentu, obitelji, skrbnicima, zdravstvenim djelatnicima, te svim ostalim ukljuÄenim stranama pri suoÄavanju s neizvjesnostima ili sukobima vezanim uz pitanja optereÄena moralnim vrijednostima prisutna unutar sustava zdravstvene skrbi. Dijele se na dvije osnovne grupacije: kliniÄke etiÄke konzultacije (bioetiÄke konzultacije) i organizacijske etiÄke konzultacije.
Sustav bioetiÄkih konzultacija prepoznaje tri razine: etiÄka povjerenstva (rad u veÄim grupama, obiÄno 12-15 Älanova), timske konzultacije (manje grupe za savjetovanje, kao npr. podgrupe etiÄkih povjerenstava, obiÄno 3-4 Älana), te individualne konzultacije (tj. licem u lice).
Individualni bioetiÄar-konzultant treba posjedovati specifiÄna znanja i vjeÅ”tine, (kliniÄko) iskustvo, te āpoželjan karakterā (osobne moralne kvalitete). Brojna literatura govori u prilog lijeÄniku kao bioetiÄkom konzultantu jer Äe njegova preporuka biti lakÅ”e prihvaÄena i imati Äe veÄi kredibilitet meÄu lijeÄnicima i ostalim zdravstvenim djelatnicima s obzirom da imaju isto kliniÄo iskustvo i govore istim ākliniÄkim jezikomā, te jer lijeÄnik najbolje razumije moralnu dimenziju odnosa lijeÄnik-pacijent.
Glavna svrha bioetiÄkih konzultacija je poboljÅ”anje provoÄenja i ishoda zdravstvene skrbi kroz identifikaciju, analizu i rjeÅ”avanje etiÄkih pitanja i problema koji se pojavljuju u kliniÄkim sluÄajevima unutar zdravstvenih institucija. Predstavljaju neku vrstu āosiguraÄaā za poÅ”tivanje i promicanje bioetiÄkih standarda u svrhu postizavanja najviÅ”e razine zdravstvene skrbi u pluralistiÄkom vrijednosnom sustavu.Healthcare Ethics Consultations (HEC) are a service provided by an individual or a group to help patients, families, surrogates, healthcare providers, or other involved parties address uncertainties or conflicts regarding value-laden issues which emerge in healthcare. They can be divided in two basic subgroups: clinical ethics consultations (CEC) (bioethics consultations) and organizational ethics consultations.
Bioethics consultations system recognizes three levels: ethics committee (work in larger groups, 12-15 members), team consultations (smaller counseling groups, such as ethics committees\u27 subgroups, 3-4 members), individual consultation (face to face).
Individual bioethics consultant should possess specific knowledge and skills, (clinical) experience and āsuitable characterā (personal moral qualities). Numerous references indicate that physician should perform as a bioethics consultant. In such case recommendations should be easily accepted, with higher level of credibility among healthcare providers, having the same clinical experience and talking the same āclinical languageā as the physician - bioethics consultant. Namely, a physician is the one who understands best the moral dimension of the physician - patient relationship.
Bioethics consultationsā main purpose is the improvement of the provision of healthcare and its outcomes through the identification, analysis and resolution of ethical issues as they emerge in clinical cases in healthcare institutions. They represent a form of assurance that bioethical standards will be promoted and respected, aiming for the highest level of healthcare in a pluralistic value system
Primjena teorije komunikacije Paula Watzlawicka na praksu komuniciranja u medicini i zdravstvu
Komuniciranje je proces stvaranja znaÄenja izmeÄu dvije ili viÅ”e osoba. IshodiÅ”na toÄka teorije komunikacije Paula Watzlawicka je odnos izmeÄu pojedinaca i svojstva tog odnosa. svatko od nas sebe ostvaruje/doživljava u odnosu s drugima, u svojem djelovanju na druge i u djelovanju drugih na sebe. Odnos s drugima je ono Å”to nas odreÄuje i karakterizira. Kvaliteta i narav tog odnosa kreira naÅ”u individualnost i razlikuje svakog od nas od svakog drugog. Sustav medicine i zdravstva temelji se upravo na odnosu. Pri tome treba uzeti u obzir kako se do nedavno ekskluzivan odnos lijeÄnik - pacijent, danas sagledava u Å”irem, viÅ”edimenzionalnom odnosu: zdravstveni radnik ā pacijent ā okolina. U tom kontekstu pokuÅ”ati Äe se proanalizirati pet aksioma teorije komunikacije Paula Watzlawicka:
1. nije moguÄe ne komunicirati;
2. svaka komunikacija sastoji se iz sadržajnog i odnosnog aspekta;
3. narav odnosa uvjetovana je interpretacijom ponaŔanja komunikatora;
4. komunikacija može biti verbalna i neverbalna;
5. komunikacija može biti simetriÄna ili komplementarna
Bioethics and journalisam
Danas, meÄutim, bioetici viÅ”e nije potrebno novinarstvo koje Äe
samo dokazivati da je ona roÄena i da postoji, nego kreativno novinarstvo
koje Äe kvalifi cirano pisati o bioetiÄkim temama. S druge strane, i danaÅ”nje
novinarstvo traži od svojih sudionika da bioetiÄkim pitanjima pristupaju
znalaÄki i dubinski, te da sami otkrivaju bioetiÄke teme, postavljaju prava
bioetiÄka pitanja i da zajedno s bioetiÄarima raspravljaju o tim pitanjima
tražeÄi prave odgovore. A za tu vrstu novinarstva viÅ”e nije dovoljno biti samo
znanstveni novinar, a joÅ” manje ānovinar opÄe prakseā, o kojem se nekad
govorilo kao o āuniverzalnom neznaliciā. Potrebno je biti kompetentan
novinar, koji je bioetiÄki izobražen i u stanju je baviti se ne samo opÄim
nego i užim pitanjima bioetike.Journalists - just like philosophers, theologians, doctors, lawyers and others
- are responsible for the origin and quick development of bioethics. Having reported
and written for Life magazine in 1962 on the ethical doubts (such as the āthree whoāsāā
- who will live, who will die, and who will decide), Shana Alexander has been declared
the originator of bioethics.
A natural connection exists between journalism and bioethics; it has been
developing since the mediaās fi rst superfi cial interest to the current journalism, which
includes a model of permanent interaction where journalists function within the role
of bioethics professional and vice versa. From the racing developments in science and
technology comes a new branch of journalism, bioethical journalism, which may play
a signifi cant role in the popularization of bioethics
- ā¦