7,004 research outputs found
Error Analysis of Band Matrix Method
Numerical error in the solution of the band matrix method based on the elimination method in single precision is investigated theoretically and experimentally, and the behaviour of the truncation error and the roundoff error is clarified. Some important suggestions for the useful application of the band solver are proposed by using the results of above error analysis
Thermodynamically consistent modeling for dissolution/growth of bubbles in an incompressible solvent
We derive mathematical models of the elementary process of dissolution/growth
of bubbles in a liquid under pressure control. The modeling starts with a fully
compressible version, both for the liquid and the gas phase so that the entropy
principle can be easily evaluated. This yields a full PDE system for a
compressible two-phase fluid with mass transfer of the gaseous species. Then
the passage to an incompressible solvent in the liquid phase is discussed,
where a carefully chosen equation of state for the liquid mixture pressure
allows for a limit in which the solvent density is constant. We finally provide
a simplification of the PDE system in case of a dilute solution
A New Model for Evaluating the Future Options of Integrating Ground Source Heat Pumps in Building Construction
Decision-making for effective infrastructure integration is challenging because the performances of long-lasting objects
often depends on conditions which are either outside the control of the designer or difficult to foresee at the design
stage. In this paper we examine a new approach to estimating the range of cost-effective solutions for integrating
the construction/retrofit of two or more different types of infrastructure. Infrastructure integration has many perceived
benefits, but also faces serious new challenges and doubts from practitioners, particularly in sectors with complex
construction process, long asset lives, uncertain cost parameters, and slow and unwieldy decision-making, such as
is common with civil engineering works. We test all main options in integrating a ground source heat pump (GSHP)
system with the construction and retrofit of an archetypal, office building. A new simulation model is developed and
parameterized using actual data in the UK. We incorporate unavoidable uncertainties and randomness in how the
decisions are triggered, and test the effectiveness of proactive measures to embed future options. The model highlights
how sensitive the range of cost-effective solutions is to the setting of renewable energy incentives, discount rates,
technical performance and life-cycle asset management of interdependent infrastructure. This points to a clear need for
establishing appropriate regulatory standards. We expect this model to find increasing applications in the planning and
designing of integrated complexes of buildings, transport facilities, renewable energy supply, water supply and waste
management in dense urban areas, which are an increasingly key part of sustainable urban development
The term "carcinoid" is a misnomer: the evidence based on local invasion
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since Oberndorfer proposed the term "carcinoid" in 1907, over 100 years have passed. This attractive term was initially proposed for 6 cases of his own experience with 12 submucosal lesions in the small intestine.</p> <p>Oberndorfer summarized the characteristic features of these lesions as follows: (1) small in size and often multiple, (2) histologically undifferentiated with a suggestion of gland-formation, (3) well-defined without any tendency to infiltrate the surroundings, (4) no metastases, and (5) apparently slow-growing reaching no significant size with a seemingly harmless nature.</p> <p>Review</p> <p>This article stresses the malignant nature of "carcinoid" on the basis of local invasion prior to metastases in the first two sessions, (1) with Oberndorfer's original diagram, and (2) with an experimental observation on extraglandular microcarcinoid in a form of "budding".</p> <p>Next, (3) a statistical comparison between a carcinoid group and a non-carcinoid ordinary carcinoma group is introduced on metastasis rates at an early stage with two prescribed factors of the depth of invasion restricted within the submucosa (sm-lesion) and a small tumor size category of 1 cm to 2 cm: the carcinoid group exhibited metastasis rates higher than those in the ordinary carcinoma group when calculated in the stomach and rectum.</p> <p>In the author's experience, "carcinoids" are malignant not only in the gastrointestinal tract but also in the other sites on the basis of local invasion.</p> <p>Lastly, (4) discussion on the terminology of "carcinoid" as a misnomer is carried out.</p> <p>Adequate terms referring to the entity of this malignant tumor group are discussed. One of the most adequate and brief terms for "carcinoid" that is included now in neuroendocrine tumor group would be "endocrinocarcinoma" as per the author's proposal, followed by NEC (neuroendocrinocarcinoma) or GEC (gut endocrinocarcinoma).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The term "carcinoid" is a misnomer that can be confirmed on the basis of local invasion prior to metastases. "No metastases without local invasion" is not of a negligible importance.</p
An investigation into the sample preparation procedure and analysis of cyanoacrylate adhesives using capillary electrophoresis
In this study, the trace acid profile of cyanoacrylate adhesives was studied using capillary electrophoresis. Liquid–liquid extraction was employed as the sample preparation step before separation by capillary electrophoresis. The solubility of the adhesives was investigated using various organic solvents, e.g. hexane and dichloromethane, and chloroform was determined to be the optimum solvent as it enabled the full dissolution of the adhesive. A comprehensive stability study was performed over a 3-year period and results indicate that the adhesives were stable for 2 years after which their stability and performance degraded
An Examination concerning the Date for Kangensai (a Wind a Stringed Instruments Festival) at ltsukushima Shinto Shrine - Analysis from Yin and Yang and the Five Elements of Thought -
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