Reasonable Suspicion Plus : A Framework to Address Chief Judge Alex Kozinski\u27s Concerns of Mass Surveillance Without Compromising Police Effectiveness

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) provide law enforcement with a powerful tool to covertly investigate criminal networks. These networks, however, are often themselves technologically sophisticatedand thus able to elude police surveillance. GPS monitoring has drawn substantial criticism recently as police, in many jurisdictions, may utilize the technology without a search warrant; the issue has boiled down to whether the Fourth Amendment requires a search warrant in the first place. This Comment argues that the Supreme Court should establish a new rule, “Reasonable Suspicion Plus,” that would require police to state in a sworn declaration particularized reasoning for use of a GPS device, but that would not require them to obtain a search warrant. The benefits of the proposed rule would be threefold: (1) temporal and spatial limitations would assure that GPS technology is utilized responsibly; (2) the declaration would serve as a procedural obstacle requiring police to show good cause for using the device; and (3) when the declaration is registered with the district attorney’s office it would provide a tangible record, facilitating judicial review if a defendant later contests the legitimacy of the operation. Part I examines the concept of “a reasonable expectation of privacy” in the context of how the police use new technologies to monitor suspects’ movements. Part II dissects the shortcomings of those decisions but also points to valid considerations and concerns that arose in those cases. Part III proposes a model rule that can serve as a guidepost for appropriate use of GPS surveillance: “Reasonable Suspicion Plus.” There are valid concerns on both sides of the argument, and the rule that this Comment proposes would address those concerns, while maintaining constitutionality and deference to Supreme Court precedent

Reasonable Suspicion Plus : A Framework to Address Chief Judge Alex Kozinski\u27s Concerns of Mass Surveillance Without Compromising Police Effectiveness

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) provide law enforcement with a powerful tool to covertly investigate criminal networks. These networks, however, are often themselves technologically sophisticatedand thus able to elude police surveillance. GPS monitoring has drawn substantial criticism recently as police, in many jurisdictions, may utilize the technology without a search warrant; the issue has boiled down to whether the Fourth Amendment requires a search warrant in the first place. This Comment argues that the Supreme Court should establish a new rule, “Reasonable Suspicion Plus,” that would require police to state in a sworn declaration particularized reasoning for use of a GPS device, but that would not require them to obtain a search warrant. The benefits of the proposed rule would be threefold: (1) temporal and spatial limitations would assure that GPS technology is utilized responsibly; (2) the declaration would serve as a procedural obstacle requiring police to show good cause for using the device; and (3) when the declaration is registered with the district attorney’s office it would provide a tangible record, facilitating judicial review if a defendant later contests the legitimacy of the operation. Part I examines the concept of “a reasonable expectation of privacy” in the context of how the police use new technologies to monitor suspects’ movements. Part II dissects the shortcomings of those decisions but also points to valid considerations and concerns that arose in those cases. Part III proposes a model rule that can serve as a guidepost for appropriate use of GPS surveillance: “Reasonable Suspicion Plus.” There are valid concerns on both sides of the argument, and the rule that this Comment proposes would address those concerns, while maintaining constitutionality and deference to Supreme Court precedent

Nutritive Value of South-Central Kentucky Forbs

South Central Kentucky pastures serve as a host for a plethora of forbs found throughout the Upper South and Midwest United States. In this region, forbs can be numerous within pastures that are under- managed. Many producers view forbs as unwanted or weedy species and may not fully understand the value that some of these forbs provide to beef cattle. With little scientific information found on the subject for the specific geographic area, the purpose of this study was to determine what types of forbs will provide adequate nutrition for lactating beef cows. Three pastures from separate farms were used for this study. Botanical composition was assessed monthly starting in March and continuing through October 2022. Vegetative material from the five most numerous forbs was collected along with tall fescue, a predominate perennial forage, and submitted to a forage lab for quality testing using wet chemistry. Crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), sodium (Na), and copper (Cu) were reported for this presentation. The forbs were classified as palatable and non-palatable and compared to tall fescue. The results showed indicate the palatable forbs and tall fescue generally supported the nutritional requirement of a lactating beef cow. Overall, palatable forbs showed a higher TDN, CP, and Cu levels in comparison to tall fescue and the non-palatable forbs. In summary, it was found palatable forbs retained higher nutritive value than tall fescue and non-palatable forbs and met the nutritional requirements for a lactating beef cow apart from Na

Digital Engineering Effectiveness

Excerpt from the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Acquisition Research SymposiumThe 2018 release of the DoD’s Digital Engineering (DE) strategy and the success of applying DE methods in the mechanical and electrical engineering domains motivate application of DE methods in other product development workflows, such as systems and/or software engineer-ing. The expected benefits of this are improved communication and traceability with reduced rework and risk. Organizations have demonstrated advantages of DE methods many times over by using model-based design and analysis methods, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), to conduct detailed evaluations earlier in the process (i.e., shifting left). However, other domains such as embedded computing resources for cyber physical systems (CPS) have not yet effectively demonstrated how to in-corporate relevant DE methods into their development workflows. Although there is broad sup-port for SysML and there has been significant advancement in specific tools, e.g., MathWorks®, ANSYS®, and Dassault tool offerings, and standards like Modelica and AADL, the DE benefits to CPS engineering have not been broadly realized. In this paper, we will explore why CPS devel-opers have been slow to embrace DE, how DE methods should be tailored to achieve their stakeholders’ goals, and how to measure the effectiveness of DE-enabled workflows.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Exploring Blockchain Adoption Supply Chains: Opportunities and Challenges

Excerpt from the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Acquisition Research SymposiumThe 2018 release of the DoD’s Digital Engineering (DE) strategy and the success of applying DE methods in the mechanical and electrical engineering domains motivate application of DE methods in other product development workflows, such as systems and/or software engineer-ing. The expected benefits of this are improved communication and traceability with reduced rework and risk. Organizations have demonstrated advantages of DE methods many times over by using model-based design and analysis methods, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), to conduct detailed evaluations earlier in the process (i.e., shifting left). However, other domains such as embedded computing resources for cyber physical systems (CPS) have not yet effectively demonstrated how to in-corporate relevant DE methods into their development workflows. Although there is broad sup-port for SysML and there has been significant advancement in specific tools, e.g., MathWorks®, ANSYS®, and Dassault tool offerings, and standards like Modelica and AADL, the DE benefits to CPS engineering have not been broadly realized. In this paper, we will explore why CPS devel-opers have been slow to embrace DE, how DE methods should be tailored to achieve their stakeholders’ goals, and how to measure the effectiveness of DE-enabled workflows.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Exploring Blockchain Adoption Supply Chains: Opportunities and Challenges

Excerpt from the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Acquisition Research SymposiumThe 2018 release of the DoD’s Digital Engineering (DE) strategy and the success of applying DE methods in the mechanical and electrical engineering domains motivate application of DE methods in other product development workflows, such as systems and/or software engineer-ing. The expected benefits of this are improved communication and traceability with reduced rework and risk. Organizations have demonstrated advantages of DE methods many times over by using model-based design and analysis methods, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), to conduct detailed evaluations earlier in the process (i.e., shifting left). However, other domains such as embedded computing resources for cyber physical systems (CPS) have not yet effectively demonstrated how to in-corporate relevant DE methods into their development workflows. Although there is broad sup-port for SysML and there has been significant advancement in specific tools, e.g., MathWorks®, ANSYS®, and Dassault tool offerings, and standards like Modelica and AADL, the DE benefits to CPS engineering have not been broadly realized. In this paper, we will explore why CPS devel-opers have been slow to embrace DE, how DE methods should be tailored to achieve their stakeholders’ goals, and how to measure the effectiveness of DE-enabled workflows.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Digital Engineering Effectiveness for Cyber-Physical Systems

Symposium PresentationApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Participatory Evaluation of Cultural Heritage Based Programming to Empower Communities: A Quantitative Analysis

A survey conducted at six Florida regions examines participants’ perceptions of public archaeology outreach programs on cultural heritage preservation. The findings for participants’ perceptions showed that the Florida Public Archaeology Network is reaching the organizational goal in creating appreciation and awareness for cultural heritage. Statistical analysis demonstrated a correlation between the programs being educational and changing participants’ perceptions in archaeology, and participants’ perceptions being changed and creating a love for cultural heritage and archaeology. These responses will information how public archaeology programs are impacting Florida’s cultural heritage through citizen science programs focused on preserving the past

Researching trust in the police and trust in justice: a UK perspective

This paper describes the immediate and more distant origins of a programme of comparative research that is examining cross-national variations in public trust in justice and in the police. The programme is built around a module of the fifth European Social Survey, and evolved from a study funded by the European Commission. The paper describes the conceptual framework within which we are operating – developed in large measure from theories of procedural justice. It reviews some of the methodological issues raised by the use of sample surveys to research issues of public trust in the police, public perceptions of institutional legitimacy and compliance with the law. Finally it gives a flavour of some of the early findings emerging from the programme

Design, theory, and measurement of a polarization insensitive absorber for terahertz imaging

We present the theory, design, and realization of a polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber for terahertz frequencies. We derive geometrical-independent conditions for effective medium absorbers in general, and for resonant metamaterials specically. Our fabricated design reaches and absorptivity of 78% at 1.145 ThzComment: 6 Pages, 5 figures; figures update