Discursive Analysis of Self-reflective Gendered Political Activity of Hillary Rodham Clinton and Alenka Bratušek

Magistrsko delo z naslovom Diskurzivna analiza samorefleksij spolno zaznamovane politične aktivnosti na primeru Hillary Rodham Clinton in Alenke Bratušek je v svojem jedru analiza samorefleksij politične aktivnosti, ki jih ameriška in slovenska političarka vključita v svoji (avto)biografiji. Magistrsko delo gradi na teoretskih izhodiščih nekaterih pomembnih svetovnih in slovenskih raziskovalk in raziskovalcev, ki se ukvarjajo z vprašanjem podreprezentiranosti žensk v politiki in njihovo inferiornostjo ter podrejenostjo moškim političnim kolegom. Magistrska naloga želi odgovoriti na nekaj izjemno pomembnih in perečih vprašanj, ki v 21. stoletju še vedno povezujejo politiko in spol. Prvo od teh vprašanj je, kako je mogoče da so ženske danes še vedno podreprezentirane tako v ameriški kot tudi slovenski politiki in kateri so tisti vzroki, ki povzročajo podreprezentiranost žensk v politiki. Naloga jasno predstavi ugotovitev, da so ženske v politiki še vedno velikokrat tarče seksizma in celo mizoginije, poleg tega pa so velikokrat predstavljene kot objekt političnega delovanja, in ne kot subjekt. Drugo pomembno vprašanje, s katerim se ukvarja magistrska naloga, je vprašanje moške in ženske (ne)enakosti v politiki. Na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč in opravljenih analiz namreč ugotavljam, da so ženske v politiki še vedno podrejene in inferiorne moškim, na ta način pa jim je odvzeta možnost enakopravnega sprejemanja političnih odločitev in zasedanja pomembnih in vplivnih političnih položajev. Tretje vprašanje, s katerim se ukvarja magistrska naloga, pa je vprašanje (negativne) medijske reprezentacije političark. Tudi obe opravljeni analizi jasno prikažeta, da so mediji velikokrat izrazito negativno nastrojeni proti ženskam v politiki in se pogosto raje kot na njihove pozitivne politične odločitve osredotočajo na njihov zunanji videz in njihovo politično reprezentacijo. Magistrska naloga tako predstavi glavne in najpomembnejše težave, s katerimi se soočajo ženske v politiki, hkrati pa razmišlja tudi o spremembah, ki bi jih bilo potrebno uveljaviti v politiki, da bi dosegli čim bolj enakopravno udeleženost moških in žensk. Poleg tega naloga jasno predstavi tudi problematiko manipulativnosti politične avtobiografije kot literarnega žanra in predstavi glavne probleme, ki jih le-ta povzroča bralkam in bralcem.The MA thesis titled Discursive Analysis of Self-reflective Gendered Political Activity of Hillary Rodham Clinton and Alenka Bratušek is fundamentally an analysis of self-reflective political activity, which are introduced by the American and Slovene politician in their (auto)biographies. The paper is based on the theoretical predispositions and findings of some of the important Slovenian and world-renowned researchers of gender inequality and inferiority in politics. The paper explicitly shows that gender inequality and inferiority of women is still a major problem in politics, together with underrepresentation of women and their subordination to their male colleagues. The aim of the paper is therefore to explore a number of questions related to the issues of politics and gender in the 21st century. The first question is, how it is possible that women are still so massively underrepresented in both American and Slovene politics, and what are the major problems that are causing the underrepresentation of women. The paper clearly suggests that women in politics are nowadays often victims of sexism and even misogyny as well as presented as a political object rather than a political subject. The second question is the issue of male and female (in)equality in politicsnamely, how men and women have still not achieved equal status when it comes to their political activity. In my analysis I realise that women in politics are still perceived as inferior and subordinate to men and hence they do not have the possibility of making important political decisions as well as occupying important political positions. The third question the paper tackles is the question of (negative) representation of female politicians in the media. The analyses of both self-reflections clearly showed that media frequently perceive female politicians differently from male politicians and that they usually use negative comments to introduce their political activity. In addition, the media usually focus on the appearance of women and their potentially negative political history, rather than positive their political decisions and actions. In addition to presenting the most common problems which women face in politics, the paper also aims at elicidating the potential solutions that might ensure the equality of men and women in politics. Moreover, the paper presents the problem of political autobiography as an extremely manipulative genre and emphasises the major problems which readers of such autobiographies might face during their reading

Multilingual comparable corpora of parliamentary debates ParlaMint 4.0

ParlaMint 4.0 is a set of comparable corpora containing transcriptions of parliamentary debates of 29 European countries and autonomous regions, mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2022. The individual corpora comprise between 9 and 126 million words and the complete set contains over 1.1 billion words. The transcriptions are divided by days with information on the term, session and meeting, and contain speeches marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. The corpora have extensive metadata, most importantly on speakers (name, gender, MP and minister status, party affiliation), the political parties and parliamentary groups (name, coalition/opposition status, Wikipedia-sourced left-to-right political orientation, and CHES variables, https://www.chesdata.eu/). Note that some corpora have further metadata, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The transcriptions are also marked with the subcorpus they belong to ("reference", until 2020-01-30, "covid", from 2020-01-31, and "war", from 2022-02-24). The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been encoded against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint encoding guidelines (https://clarin-eric.github.io/ParlaMint/) and schemas (included in the distribution). This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora and their derived plain text versions along with TSV metadata of the speeches. Also included is the 4.0 release of the sample data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project at https://github.com/clarin-eric/ParlaMint. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the 4.0 ParlaMint corpus, also linked with concordancers, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1860. As opposed to the previous version 3.0, this version adds corpora for Spain (ES), Finland (FI) and the Basque Country (ES-PV); extends the corpora for Austria (AT), Czechia (CZ), Hungary (HU), and Ukraine (UA) with more recent data; adds metadata to political parties and parliamentary groups on left-to-right political orientation from Wikipedia as well as CHES variables; and adds the information on whether a speaker was a minister and when for the corpora that previously lacked this information. The TEI encoding of some details has also changed, and many errors found in 3.0 corpora have been corrected

Linguistically annotated multilingual comparable corpora of parliamentary debates ParlaMint.ana 4.1

ParlaMint 4.1 is a set of comparable corpora containing transcriptions of parliamentary debates of 29 European countries and autonomous regions, mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2022. The individual corpora comprise between 9 and 126 million words and the complete set contains over 1.2 billion words. The transcriptions are divided by days with information on the term, session and meeting, and contain speeches marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. The corpora have extensive metadata, most importantly on speakers (name, gender, MP and minister status, party affiliation), on their political parties and parliamentary groups (name, coalition/opposition status, Wikipedia-sourced left-to-right political orientation, and CHES variables, https://www.chesdata.eu/). Note that some corpora have further metadata, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The transcriptions are also marked with the subcorpora they belong to ("reference", until 2020-01-30, "covid", from 2020-01-31, and "war", from 2022-02-24). An overview of the statistics of the corpora is avaialable on GitHub in the folder Build/Metadata, in particular for the release 4.1 at https://github.com/clarin-eric/ParlaMint/tree/v4.1/Build/Metadata. The corpora are encoded according to the ParlaMint encoding guidelines (https://clarin-eric.github.io/ParlaMint/) and schemas (included in the distribution). The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization; sentence segmentation; lemmatisation; Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies; and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, in particular PoS tagging according a language-specific scheme, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools used. This entry contains the ParlaMint.ana TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpora; the derived CoNLL-U files along with TSV metadata of the speeches; and the derived vertical files (with their registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 4.1 release of the sample data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project at https://github.com/clarin-eric/ParlaMint and the log files produced in the process of building the corpora for this release. The log files show e.g. known errors in the corpora, while more information about known problems is available in the open issues at the GitHub repository of the project. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version, i.e. without the linguistic annotation is also available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1912. Another related resource, namely the ParlaMint corpora machine translated to English ParlaMint-en.ana 4.1 can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1910. As opposed to the previous version 4.0, this version fixes a number of bugs and restructures the ParlaMint GitHub repository. The DK corpus has been linguistically re-annotated to remove bugs, while its speeches are now also marked with topics. The PT corpus has been extended to 2024-03 and the UA corpus to 2023-11, which also has improved language marking (uk vs. ru) on segments

Linguistically annotated multilingual comparable corpora of parliamentary debates in English ParlaMint-en.ana 4.0

ParlaMint-en.ana 4.0 is the English machine translation of the ParlaMint.ana 4.0 (http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1860) set of corpora of parliamentary debates across Europe. The translation is linguistically annotated similarly to the original language corpora (but without UD syntax), and with the addition of USAS semantic tags (https://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/usas/). Because of the addition of semantic tags the UK corpus (ParlaMint-GB) is also included. The translation to English was done with EasyNMT (https://github.com/UKPLab/EasyNMT) using OPUS-MT models (https://github.com/Helsinki-NLP/Opus-MT). Machine translation was done on the sentence level, and includes both speeches and transcriber notes, including headings. Note that corpus metadata is mostly available both in the source language and in English. The linguistic annotation of the speeches, i.e. tokenisation, tagging with UD PoS and morphological features, lemmatisation, and NER annotation was done with Stanza (https://stanfordnlp.github.io/stanza/) using the conll03 model (4 classes). The annotation of MWEs (phrases) and tokens with USAS tags was done with pyMusas (https://github.com/ucrel/pymusas). Note that the English in the corpora contains typical NMT errors, including factual errors even when high fluency is achieved, and any use of this corpus should take the machine translation limitations into account. The files associated with this entry include the machine translated and linguistically annotated corpora in several formats: the corpora in the canonical ParlaMint TEI XML encoding; the corpora in the derived vertical format (for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText); and the corpora in the CoNLL-U format with TSV speech metadata. The CoNLL-U files include MT-generated word-alignment and pyMusas USAS tags, as well as the tags and lemmas produced for the purposes of semantic tagging by Spacy (https://spacy.io/), when they are different from the default annotations. Also included is the 4.0 release of the sample data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project at https://github.com/clarin-eric/ParlaMint and the log files produced in the process of building the corpora for this release. The log files show e.g. known errors in the corpora, while more information about known problems is available in the (open) issues at the GitHub repository of the project. As opposed to the previous version 3.0, this version adds corpora for United Kingdom (GB), Spain (ES), Finland (FI) and the Basque Country (ES-PV); extends the corpora for Austria (AT), Czechia (CZ), Hungary (HU), and Ukraine (UA) with more recent data; adds USAS semantic tags to all corpora; adds metadata to political parties and parliamentary groups on left-to-right political orientation from Wikipedia, as well as CHES variables; adds the information on whether a speaker was a minister and when for the corpora that previously lacked this information. The TEI encoding of some details has also changed, and many errors found in 3.0 corpora have been corrected

Linguistically annotated multilingual comparable corpora of parliamentary debates ParlaMint.ana 4.0

ParlaMint 4.0 is a set of comparable corpora containing transcriptions of parliamentary debates of 29 European countries and autonomous regions, mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2022. The individual corpora comprise between 9 and 126 million words and the complete set contains over 1.1 billion words. The transcriptions are divided by days with information on the term, session and meeting, and contain speeches marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. The corpora have extensive metadata, most importantly on speakers (name, gender, MP and minister status, party affiliation), the political parties and parliamentary groups (name, coalition/opposition status, Wikipedia-sourced left-to-right political orientation, and CHES variables, https://www.chesdata.eu/). Note that some corpora have further metadata, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The transcriptions are also marked with the subcorpus they belong to ("reference", until 2020-01-30, "covid", from 2020-01-31, and "war", from 2022-02-24). The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been encoded against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint encoding guidelines (https://clarin-eric.github.io/ParlaMint/) and schemas (included in the distribution). The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization; sentence segmentation; lemmatisation; Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies; and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, in particular PoS tagging according a language-specific scheme, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools used. This entry contains the ParlaMint.ana TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpora; the derived CoNLL-U files along with TSV metadata of the speeches; and the derived vertical files (with their registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 4.0 release of the sample data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project at https://github.com/clarin-eric/ParlaMint and the log files produced in the process of building the corpora for this release. The log files show e.g. known errors in the corpora, while more information about known problems is available in the (open) issues at the GitHub repository of the project. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version, i.e. without the linguistic annotation is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1859. As opposed to the previous version 3.0, this version adds corpora for Spain (ES), Finland (FI) and the Basque Country (ES-PV); extends the corpora for Austria (AT), Czechia (CZ), Hungary (HU), and Ukraine (UA) with more recent data; adds metadata to political parties and parliamentary groups on left-to-right political orientation from Wikipedia, as well as CHES variables; adds the information on whether a speaker was a minister and when for the corpora that previously lacked this information. The TEI encoding of some details has also changed, and many errors found in 3.0 corpora have been corrected. Furthermore, the vertical files (and hence the individual corpora available on the concordancers) have their meta-data in the local language of the corpus, and not English