SME’S Rating System and Process in Turkey According to the Basel II Settlements

Basel II settlements have a strong influence on the SMEs that are of great importance to countries’ economies. Conditions to become an SME have changed and rating of SMEs has become very important with this new settlement. In this study, in order to be awarded high credit ratings SMEs will be evaluated by analyzing this period in accordance with Basel II. The following were studied; the rating period and its requirements under the framework of Basel II, rating of SMEs and the criteria used during this period, credit rating analysis methods under the scope of the rating procedure and principle

Futbolda farklı saha zeminlerinin kas hasarı üzerine etkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, futbolda farklı saha zeminlerinin kas hasarı üzerine olan etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya, ortalama yaşları 21,63 yıl olan 19 erkek futbolcu katılmıştır. Çim ve sentetik zeminde antrenman yaptırılan sporculardan antrenman öncesi, antrenmanın hemen sonrası, antrenmanın 24 ve 72 saat sonrası olmak üzere toplamda sekiz kez kan alınarak zemin değişkenine göre antrenmanda oluşan kas hasarı değerlendirilmiştir. Kas hasarının tespitinde, kreatin kinaz (CK), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST) ve troponin T (TnT) belirteçleri kullanılmıştır. Ölçümlerden elde edilen verilerin karşılaştırılması için Friedman ve Wilcoxon testleri kullanılmıştır. Tüm istatistiksel hesaplamalarda SPSS 26 programı kullanılmış ve yanılma düzeyi 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, LDH, AST, CK ve TnT seviyelerinde kendi içinde hem çim hem de sentetik zeminde zaman aralıklarında anlamlı fark gözlenmiştir. Zeminler, zaman aralıkları içinde, birbirleriyle karşılaştırıldıklarında LDH’nin 24 saat sonraki değerlerinde ve TnT için antrenman öncesi ve 72 saat sonraki değerlerinde anlamlı bir farklılık gözlenmişken (p0,05). Sonuç olarak; çim ya da sentetik sahada yapılan antrenmanların her ikisinin de kas hasarına neden olduğunu ancak LDH, CK ve AST için sentetik zeminde yapılan antrenman sonrasında toparlanmanın çim zemine göre daha çabuk gerçekleştiği, TnT için ise çimde yapılan antrenmaların daha avantajlı olabileceğini görülmüştür

The effect of seven-week preparation period on body composition, strength, flexibility and aerobic endurance characteristics of a women volleyball team7 haftalık hazırlık periyodunun bir kadın voleybol takımının vücut kompozisyonu, kuvvet, esneklik ve aerobik dayanıklılık özelliklerine etkisi

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of seven-week preparation period on body composition, strength, flexibility and aerobic endurance characteristics of female volleyball players of a team in Turkish 1stDivision Volleyball League.Healthy 9 female volleyball players (average age and height values were in 19,00±3,53 years and 176,13±4,30 cm) participated voluntarily in this study. Participants' age, body weight, height, body fat percentage was determined and vertical (squad and active) jump, flexibility and aerobic endurance characteristics were measured. In order to compare differences between pre-test and post-test results Paired Sample t-Test in SPSS (Ver.14) program was used. α set as 0,05.According to the results of the comparison of the data obtained from the pre-test and post-test measurements of the participants, there were no significant differences between two tests on body mass, body fat percentage, counter movement jump, squat jump and anaerobic power, otherwise there were significant differences between tests on flexibility (t=-2,811; p=0,023) and VO2max(t=-8,066; p=0,000). ÖzetBu çalışmada amaç; 7 haftalık hazırlık dönemi boyunca yapılan antrenmanların, Türkiye Voleybol Kadınlar 1. Ligi’nde yer alan bir takımın oyuncularının vücut kompozisyonu, kuvvet, esneklik ve aerobik dayanıklılık (VO2max)özelliklerine etkisini belirlemektir.Çalışmaya, herhangi bir sağlık problemi veya spor yaralanması bulunmayan, 19,00±3,53 yaş ve 176,13±4,30 cm boy ortalamasına sahip 9 kadın voleybolcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Oyuncuların fiziksel özelliklerinden yaş, vücut ağırlığı, boy ve vücut yağ yüzdesi tespit edilmiş, ayrıca motorik özelliklerinden aktif ve skuat sıçrama, esneklik ve aerobik dayanıklılık kapasiteleri ön-test ve son-test olarak birer kez ölçülmüştür. Verilerin karşılaştırılmasında SPSS (Ver. 14) paket programında yer alan Paired Sample T-test kullanılmıştır. α değeri 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.Katılımcıların ön-test ve son-test ölçümlerinden elde edilen verilerin karşılaştırma sonuçlarına göre; 7 hafta boyunca düzenli uygulanan antrenmanlar sonucunda vücut ağırlığı, vücut yağ yüzdesi, aktif sıçrama, skuat sıçrama ve anaerobik güç özelliklerinde anlamlı bir değişim olmazken, esneklik (t=-2,811; p=0,023) ve VO2max (t=-7,948; p=0,000)özelliklerinde anlamlı değişimler meydana gelmiştir

COMPARISON OF SELECTED MOTOR SKILLS AND BODY COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR FOOTBALL PLAYERS

The study was aimed to compare the footballers from Turkish Super League and Super Amateur League in terms of body compositions and motor skills. 30 professional footballers from super league level and 30 amateur footballers who have played for champion amateur teams participated in the study voluntarily. Body compositions of the participants were measured by Tanita TBF300 (Japan), leg strength by Takei dynamometer (Japan), vertical jump by Takei jump meter (Japan) and range of motion by sit-reach test. Anaerobic power was calculated with Lewis Formula. Motor skills measurements were repeated twice with five minutes’ intervals and the highest values were recorded. The data were analyzed by t-test of SPSS at 95% confidence level. As a result, it was found that professional footballers have higher results in age, body weight, height, fat-free mass, leg strength, range of motion and anaerobic power however, no differences were found between the groups on the variables body mass index, body fat mass and percentage, vertical jump and relative strength characteristics

Comparison of strength and anaerobic characteristics of sedentary women and men according to flexibility variableSedanter kadın ve erkeklerin esneklik değişkenine göre kuvvet ve anaerobik güç özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması

The aim of the study was to determine whether the levels of flexibility capacity of sedentary individuals are effective on vertical jump, leg strength and anaerobic power characteristics. Flexibility, vertical jump, leg strength and anaerobic power characteristics of 250 sedentary participants (137 male and 113 female) were determined. The median value of the participant’s flexibility measurement results was found, and groups were formed based on their low and high flexibility capacity and gender. Differences between the groups were determined using the "Independent Sample t-Test" analysis method included in the SPSS 13 statistical program. Significance was set as 0,05. As a conclusion, comparison results of groups that were formed according to low and high flexibility capacity without gender discrimination, the group with higher flexibility has significantly higher values than lower flexibility group in point of leg strength and anaerobic power. There was no significant difference on vertical jump between groups. According to these results, the level of flexibility in sedentary individuals causes difference between leg strength and anaerobic power properties.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBu çalışmada amaç; sedanter bireylerin esneklik kapasitesinin düşük ya da yüksek olmasının dikey sıçrama, bacak kuvveti ve anaerobik güç özellikleri üzerinde etkili olup olmadığının belirlenmesidir. Çalışmaya dâhil olan 137 erkek, 113 kadın toplam 250 sedanter katılımcının esneklik, dikey sıçrama, bacak kuvveti ve anaerobik güç özellikleri belirlendi. Katılımcıların esneklik ölçüm sonuçlarının medyan değeri bulunarak, bu değere göre düşük ve yüksek esneklik kapasitesi ve cinsiyet göz önüne alınarak gruplar oluşturuldu. SPSS 13 istatistik programı içerisinde yer alan “Independent Sample t-Test” analiz yöntemi kullanılarak gruplar arası farklılıklar tespit edildi. Anlamlılık 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; cinsiyet ayrımı olmadan, sadece düşük ve yüksek esneklik kapasitesine göre oluşturulan grupların karşılaştırılma sonuçlarına göre, yüksek esneklik değerlerine sahip grubun bacak kuvveti ile anaerobik güç değerleri, düşük esneklik kapasitesine sahip gruba göre anlamlı derecede yüksek çıkmıştır. Dikey sıçrama değerleri açısından iki grup arasında fark çıkmamıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre; sedanter bireylerde esneklik kapasitesinin yüksek ya da düşük olması bacak kuvveti ve anaerobik güç özellikleri arasında anlamlı fark oluşturmaktadır

Prognostic significance of surgical margin status and gleason grade at the positive surgical margin in predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in a turkish patient cohort

Objective: To investigate the prognostic role of positive surgical margin (PSM) features in addition to well-defined risk factors in predicting biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy. Materials and Methods: This study used the prostate cancer database from the Urooncology Association in Turkey. Clinical, surgical, pathological and follow-up data were recorded from the database. PSM features, including number, location, linear length and Gleason grade (GG) were also recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess differences in BCR-free survival (BCR-FS). In order to identify prognostic factors affecting BCR-FS, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. Results: The study included 984 patients who met the eligibility criteria. The median follow-up time was 29 (minimum: 6, maximum: 210) months, and BCR was detected in 178 (18.1%) patients. BCR-FS was found to be significantly lower in patients with higher total prostate-specific antigen, higher International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade, extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle invasion, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, PSM and GG at PSM (PSMGG) >= 4 (log-rank p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.005). ISUP grade, EPE and PSM were identified as independent prognostic factors in predicting BCR-FS [Hazard ratio (HR): 1.89, p=0.035 and HR: 4.65, p<0.001, HR: 1.82, p=0.030, HR: 1.77, p=0.042, respectively]. Unlike the univariate analysis, in multivariate analysis, PSMGG did not prove to be an independent prognostic factor in predicting BCR-FS. Conclusion: PSM GG >= 4 was found to be significantly associated with shorter BCR-FS. There is a need for large, randomised prospective studies to clarify the role of PSMGG to be used in nomograms as an independent predictor to determine patients who would benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy

Characterization of P(Hema-Gma)-Ida Membrane to Adsorbing Leather Dye

Different chemical substances and too much water are used during leather production. Therefore, the waste water load of the leather industry is harmful to the environment. One of the pollution source is the production of leather coloring process is a further need to focus on the removal of dye waste waters subject. These water-soluble dyes have a small organic molecular size. Besides the environmental hazards that these dyes cannot be underestimated, they also have harmful effects on human health. In this study, poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate) p (HEMA-GMA) hydrogel membranes were synthesized by UV polymerization method. The hydrogel synthesized is modified with imino diacetic acid (IDA) and then chelated with trivalent chromium ions. The chelating capacity of the membranes were determined according to the time, pH and concentration parameters. Dynamic swelling test, elemental analysis, ninhydrin analysis and adsorption, desorption and reusability performances of membranes were also determined. As a result of the analyzes, it was understood that the hydrogel membrane had high adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of the p (HEMA-GMA) -IDA-Cr (III) hydrogel membrane did not decrease even after 5 desorption. At the end of the fifth cycle, the membrane was found to have a dye-binding capacity of about 92%. According to these results, the reusable property of the membrane also makes it cost effective as well as effective adsorption

Optimization study on surface roughness and tribological behavior of recycled cast iron reinforced bronze MMCs produced by hot pressing

Surface roughness reflects the quality of many operational parameters, namely service life, wear characteristics, working performance and tribological behavior of the produced part. Therefore, tribological performance is critical for the components used as tandem parts, especially for the MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites) which are a unique class of materials having extensive application areas such as aerospace, aeronautics, marine engineering and the defense industry. Current work covers the optimization study of production parameters for surface roughness and tribological indicators of newly produced cast iron reinforced bronze MMCs. In this context, two levels of temperature (400 and 450 °C), three levels of pressure (480, 640 and 820 MPa) and seven levels of reinforcement ratios (60/40, 70/30, 80/20, 90/10, 100/0 of GGG40/CuSn10, pure bronze-as received and pure cast iron-as received) are considered. According to the findings obtained by Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratios, the reinforcement ratio has a dominant effect on surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz), the coefficient of friction and the weight loss in different levels. In addition, 100/0 reinforced GGG40/CuSn10 gives minimum surface roughness, pure cast iron provides the best weight loss and pure bronze offers the desired coefficient of friction. The results showed the importance of material ingredients on mechanical properties by comparing a wide range of samples from starting the production phase, which provides a perspective for manufacturers to meet the market supply as per human requirements

Astronomical Site Selection for Turkey Using GIS Techniques

A site selection of potential observatory locations in Turkey have been carried out by using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) coupled with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and satellite imagery which in turn reduced cost and time and increased the accuracy of the final outcome. The layers of cloud cover, digital elevation model, artificial lights, precipitable water vapor, aerosol optical thickness and wind speed were studied in the GIS system. In conclusion of MCDA, the most suitable regions were found to be located in a strip crossing from southwest to northeast including also a diverted region in southeast of Turkey. These regions are thus our prime candidate locations for future on-site testing. In addition to this major outcome, this study has also been applied to locations of major observatories sites. Since no goal is set for \textit{the best}, the results of this study is limited with a list of positions. Therefore, the list has to be further confirmed with on-site tests. A national funding has been awarded to produce a prototype of an on-site test unit (to measure both astronomical and meteorological parameters) which might be used in this list of locations.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, accepted by Experimental Astronom