Organizational and Individual Determinants of Atypical Employment: The Case of Multiple Jobholding and Self-Employment

Traditionally, the company has been attributed relative control over employees' career paths, particularly in the case of very active organizational management. However, the growing need for organizational flexibility has led to the increasing recourse to atypical work, which in turn contributes to consolidating new careers in which the themes of control and autonomy acquire new meaning. Of these forms of atypical work, multiple jobholding and self-employment have particularly intrigued researchers. Using data compiled by Statistics Canada, we have sought to identify, through logistic regression analyses, the factors that influence the probability of belonging to these two categories of atypical employment. Our results suggest that the influence factors are not identical for the non-standard two job categories studied. Sector of activity, sex and the absence of promotion have a considerable impact on the probability of joining the ranks of the self-employed, whereas professional category and frequency of movement significantly influence the probability of belonging to the multiple jobholder group. Our results also show that the makeup of the populations engaging in these two forms of atypical work is not homogeneous, and that belonging to one of these groups does not necessarily entail precarious living and working conditions. Le rôle traditionnel de la gestion de carrière attribuait à l'entreprise un certain contrôle sur le cheminement des individus, dans la mesure où la prise en charge organisationnelle était très active. Toutefois, le besoin incessant de flexibilité organisationnelle, qui mène à l'utilisation croissante du travail atypique, contribue à la consolidation des nouvelles carrières dans lesquelles les thèmes du contrôle et de l'autonomie sont questionnés. Parmi ces formes de travail atypique, le cumul d'emplois et le travail autonome/à son compte ont particulièrement retenu l'attention des chercheurs. En utilisant des données produites par Statistique Canada, nous avons cherché à identifier, par l'entremise des analyses de régression logistique, les facteurs qui influencent la probabilité de faire partie de ces deux catégories d'emploi atypique. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs d'influence ne sont pas les mêmes pour les deux catégories d'emploi non standard considérées. Le secteur d'activité, le sexe et les promotions jouent davantage sur la probabilité de joindre les effectifs des autonomes/à son compte alors que la catégorie professionnelle, la fréquence du mouvement et l'absence de promotion influencent davantage la probabilité d'appartenir au groupe des cumulards. Finalement, nos résultats montrent que les effectifs de ces deux types de travail atypique ne sont pas homogènes et que l'appartenance à l'un ou l'autre de ces groupes n'implique pas exclusivement la précarité des conditions de vie et de travail.Multiple jobholding, self-employment, new career, Travail atypique, cumul d'emplois, travail autonome/à son compte, flexibilité organisationnelle

L’effet médiateur du soutien et de la confiance dans la relation entre le leadership et l’engagement

L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer, sur la base de la théorie de l’échange social, dans quelle mesure le soutien et la confiance envers le supérieur et l’organisation permettent d’expliquer l’influence de chacune des dimensions associées au leadership transformationnel, transactionnel et laisser-faire sur l’engagement affectif des employés. De nombreuses études montrent que ces différentes formes de leadership ont un impact important sur plusieurs attitudes et comportements des employés, mais encore très peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés aux processus par lesquels les leaders produisent de tels effets. À cet effet, nos résultats font ressortir que la confiance et le soutien constituent des mécanismes cruciaux pour expliquer l’effet du leadership sur l’engagement organisationnel des employés.Over the last few years, the transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership theory has attracted the attention of many researchers (Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Lowe and Gardner, 2000, Yammarino et al., 2005). Furthermore, numerous studies (Bycio, Hackett and Allen, 1995; Dumdum, Lowe and Avolio, 2002; Rafferty and Griffin, 2004; Yammarino, Spangler and Dubinsky, 1998) have shown that these three forms of leadership have a significant impact on several employee attitudes and behaviours, including affective organizational commitment, which is characterized by an individual’s emotional attachment to his company (Meyer and Allen, 1997). Nevertheless, there are still very few researchers taking an interest in the processes through which leaders can produce such effects (Bass and Riggio, 2006; Bono and Judge, 2003; Yukl, 2006). Only a few authors have tackled this problem, particularly by identifying empowerment (Avolio et al., 2004) and fairness (Pillai, Schriesheim and Williams, 1999) as mechanisms explaining the relationship between transformational leadership and employees’ affective commitment. We intend to build on these recent results in improving the understanding of this dynamic.Based on the social exchange theory (Blau, 1964), this research is aimed at exploring how supervisors can strengthen their employees’ affective commitment. More specifically, we will assess the extent to which support and trust can account for the influence of each of the dimensions associated with transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership has on commitment. These dimensions are: charisma, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, contingent reward, active management by exception, and passive avoidance.One of the primary contributions of this article resides in the fact that currently, there are still very few empirical research projects that have focussed on the effects of these dimensions on other variables, and that such research has only concentrated on the influence of global forms of leadership, and almost exclusively on the transformational form. However, recent works have indeed highlighted the importance of using specific dimensions rather than these three major forms of leadership since the later provide an imperfect and oversimplified image of all the leaders’ behaviours and potential (Antonakis, Avolio and Sivasubramaniam, 2003). In addition to filling a gap at this level, the second significant contribution of this project lies in the fact that, to our knowledge, no study has as yet validated the role of support as an intermediate mechanism lying between leadership and affective commitment.In concrete terms, we are first proposing that the charisma, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and contingent reward dimensions are positively related to employees’ perceived supervisor support and trust in their supervisor, whereas the active management by exception and passive avoidance dimensions are negatively related to those same two variables. Secondly, we are proposing that employees’ perceived organizational support and trust in their organization act as mediating variables between perceived supervisor support and trust in their supervisor and affective commitment, respectively.This research, which was conducted in the spring of 2004 among all the employees (excluding physicians) of a Quebec hospital center, allowed the collection of 568 questionnaires, representing a 46% response rate; 80% of the subjects in the sample were women, whose average age was 43, and who had been working in the organization for 12 years, on average. To test our hypotheses, confirmatory factorial analyses and structural equations were conducted, while controlling for gender and employment status (full time vs. part time).The results of the study indicate that only the charisma dimension seems to lead employees to trust their supervisor. This observation is particularly interesting for researchers with an interest in interpersonal trust since other studies have arrived at similar conclusions (Gillespie and Mann, 2004). However, our results indicate that charisma and contingent reward are positively related to perceived supervisor support whereas active management by exception is negatively associated to it. This observation is particularly important in that it provides responses to the theoretical arguments which were paving the way for such a possibility (Yammarino and Bass, 1990; Jung and Avolio, 2000). Lastly, this research shows that the constructs of perceived supervisor support and perceived organizational support constitute an important explanatory mechanism in the relationship between leadership and affective commitment. Trust in the organization also contributes to explaining the dynamic existing between leadership and commitment; however, it is not significantly influenced by trust in the supervisor.Our results open up several avenues of further research. Although our analyses have identified support and trust as intermediate mechanisms between leadership and commitment, other mediators could still account for this relationship. In addition to exploring this avenue, future research could simultaneously analyze the intermediate variables that have been identified to date in the literature (e.g., support, trust, fairness, empowerment) with respect to commitment, but also to other consequences which are often related to transformational and transactional leadership (e.g., satisfaction, mobilization, performance), in order to better understand their relative importance. Finally, this study has certain limitations, including the difficulty in generalizing results (sample composed of a single organization), the possible inflation of the strength of certain relationships (common variance bias) and the impossibility of inferring the causality of the observed relationships (cross-sectional design).El objetivo de este artículo es de evaluar, sobre la base de la teoría del intercambio social, en qué medida el apoyo y la confianza hacia el superior y la organización permiten de explicar la influencia sobre el compromiso afectivo de los empleados de cada una de las dimensiones asociadas al liderazgo transformacional, transaccional y de “laisser-faire”. Numerosos estudios muestran que estas diferentes formas de liderazgo tienen un impacto importante sobre varias actitudes y comportamientos de los empleados, pero son pocos los investigadores que se interesan a los procesos por los cuales los líderes producen tales efectos. A este propósito, nuestros resultados resaltan que la confianza y el apoyo constituyen mecanismos cruciales para explicar el efecto del liderazgo sobre el compromiso organizacional de los empleados

Quand mobiliser et proximité riment : le rôle déterminant du supérieur immédiat

Cet article examine l’influence de la perception de certaines pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines sur les comportements de mobilisation des employés, au travers de deux processus d’échange sociaux distincts, employé-organisation et employé-supérieur. Les comportements de mobilisation étaient évalués par les supérieurs et toutes les autres variables par les employés. Les analyses ont été réalisées sur un échantillon de 222 employés et 38 supérieurs de commerces au détail d’une chaîne canadienne. Nous avons établi les relations à l’aide de la méthode d’équations structurelles avec LISREL. Les résultats mettent en relief le rôle fondamental de la relation d’échange social entre les employés et leur supérieur, à travers la perception de support et de l’engagement affectif orientés vers ce dernier.This article presents the results of a study highlighting the role of perceived support and affective commitment in the relationship between the perception of three human resource management practices and two types of employee mobilization behaviours, as assessed by their supervisor. This study sought to explore the relationship between skills development practices, non-monetary recognition and information sharing, on the one hand, and mobilization behaviours in two categories or “areas” of performance, that is, behaviours related to work contract compliance and those related to high job performance, on the other. The concept of mobilization behaviours and its background will be presented in detail. This concept is part of a broader model, that of mobilizing human resources, which will also be presented.In light of research advances in this field, we measured two agents of support and commitment, that is, the supervisor and the organization .We chose management practices which are used in a discretionary manner by the organization but especially by supervisors. Indeed, deliberate intervention on the part of the supervisor increases the influence of these practices on the level of support perceived by employees. The social exchange and norm of reciprocity theories were used to explain the relationships between the different variables in our model. The social exchange theory helps to explain an employee’s decision as to whether or not to contribute to the well-being of the organization in response to the exchange relationships that he or she has experienced at work. Based on the postulate of reciprocity, it is understood that employees tend to show affective commitment to the organization and the supervisor, insofar as they also perceive that the latter are committed to them. More specifically, through positive initiatives such as the implementation of human resource management practices, the organization and the supervisor foster perceived support by getting across the symbolic message to employees that they are valued and taken into consideration. In response to this perceived support, employees develop affective commitment, that is, an emotional attachment to the organization and the supervisor. It is therefore postulated that employees who perceive support from the organization and the supervisor, through the implementation of discretionary human resource practices, will feel a moral obligation to repay these benefits, by demonstrating affective commitment and adopting mobilization behaviours. In this regard, it is recognized that mobilization is above all fostered by significant reciprocity relationships which are maintained through moral and social debts. We thus studied two social exchange relationships, that between the employee and the organization, and that between the employee and the supervisor. We also hypothesize that an employee’s commitment to the supervisor will lead him or her to display a greater number of mobilization behaviours related to work contract compliance, as these behaviours are likely to be particularly beneficial to the supervisor on a day-to-day basis.In order to eliminate common variance problems, we measured the employees’ mobilization behaviours (related to work contract compliance and high job performance) through a supervisor questionnaire, and the explanatory variables through an employee questionnaire. Analyses were carried out on a sample of 222 employees and 38 supervisors in a Canadian retail chain. Relationships were determined using structural equation modelling with LISREL. We also established the discriminant validity of the constructs by comparing various measurement models using LISREL. Lastly, alternative models were developed in order to assess the mediating effects of support from and commitment to the organization and the supervisor.Our results show that a favourable perception of skills development, non-monetary recognition and information sharing was positively linked to the perception of organizational support. Of these three practices, only information sharing was not associated with the perception of organizational support through the perception of support from the supervisor. Skills development and non-monetary recognition, on the other hand, positively influenced the perception of support from the supervisor which, in turn, reinforced the perception of organizational support. The relationships between the perception of organizational support, affective organizational commitment and high job performance behaviours, as assessed, were significant, as were the relationships between the perception of support from the supervisor, affective commitment to the supervisor and behaviours related to work contract compliance and high job performance, as assessed. Lastly, the link between affective commitment to the supervisor and behaviours related to work contract compliance, as assessed, was stronger than that between affective organizational commitment and these same behaviours, as assessed. Comparing alternative models to the structural model proposed made it possible to gather evidence regarding the mediating role of affective organizational commitment and affective commitment to the supervisor in the relationship between the perception of organizational support, the perception of support from the supervisor and mobilization behaviours.We set out to assess the explanatory power of perceived support and affective commitment involved in the relationship between employees, their supervisor and the organization. Our conclusions indicate that the relationship between employees and their supervisor in the retail trade industry is significant and should be taken into consideration by organizations that wish to foster the mobilization of employees through various human resource practices. Thus, we discovered that in response to the quality of their relationship with their supervisor, employees adopt a wide range of mobilization behaviours.Este artículo examina la influencia de la percepción de ciertas prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos sobre los comportamientos de movilización de los empleados, a través de dos distintos procesos sociales de intercambio, empleado – organización y empleado – superior. Los comportamientos de movilización fueron evaluados por los superiores y todas las otras variables fueron evaluados por los empleados. Los análisis se efectuaron sobre una muestra de 222 empleados y 38 superiores de comercios de detalle de una compañía canadiense. Las relaciones se establecieron con la ayuda del método de ecuaciones estructurales con LISREL. Los resultados resaltan el rol fundamental de la relación de intercambio social entre empleados y sus respetivos superiores, mediante la percepción de apoyo y de compromiso afectivo

Pratiques en GRH et engagement des employés : Le rôle de la justice

En s’appuyant sur la théorie de l’échange social, cet article rend compte de l’effet médiateur des différentes formes de justice organisationnelle (distributive, procédurale, interactionnelle) dans la relation entre les pratiques en gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) inspirées du modèle de Lawler (1986) et l’engagement affectif. Les 134 répondants sont des directeurs aux services financiers d’une institution bancaire située au Québec. Des analyses de régression, effectuées selon les procédures de Kenny, Kashy et Bolger (1998), ont confirmé l’hypothèse de recherche. Ainsi, les résultats font ressortir que la perception de chacune des formes de justice organisationnelle représente une variable médiatrice essentielle pour que la mise en place des pratiques en GRH contribue efficacement au développement et à la consolidation de l’engagement des employés envers leur organisation.This study clarifies the role of organizational justice in the relationship between human resources management practices and commitment. Specifically, we develop and test a model in which the principal forms of justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) represent mediating variables in relationships between affective commitment and the four types of HRM practices (information sharing, knowledge development, non-monetary recognition and power sharing) included in the model developed by Lawler (1986). Meyer and Smith (2000) underscore that because few empirical studies have explored the relationship between HRM practices and commitment, it is important to determine how such practices influence employee commitment to organizations. Their results have shed light on the role of perception of organizational support and procedural justice as a mediating factor between certain HRM practices and organizational commitment.Consistent with the recommendation of these authors, our model rests on the theory of social exchange (Blau, 1964) and posits the three forms of organizational justice as mediating variables. Social exchange, unlike economic exchange, implies a relationship of exchange through unspecified obligations between the parties. Through the reciprocity norm, individuals in a climate of mutual trust maintain an exchange relationship with others to whom they feel obliged because they have received something from them. In a company, this pattern may correspond to organizations’ expectation that employees will develop favorable attitudes such as commitment in return for the introduction of HRM practices. Nonetheless, the specialized literature also clearly highlights theoretical links between social exchange and perceptions of organizational justice (Greenberg, 1987; Moorman, 1991). In this perspective, organizational justice encourages the development of effective commitment by enhancing employees’ feeling of reciprocity toward the organization, a sentiment created by the introduction of HRM practices.As part of this research project, a questionnaire was distributed in September 2001 to 232 managers of financial services of a private company operating in the Canadian banking sector. Of these questionnaires, 134 were returned, corresponding to a respectable response rate of 58%. To test our research hypothesis, we carried out hierarchical regression analyses according to the steps described by Kenny, Kashy and Bolger (1998). These analyses confirmed our hypothesis by demonstrating that each of the forms of justice indeed represents a mediating variable between the practices specified by Lawler (1986) and affective commitment. More specifically, we conclude that: (1) non-monetary recognition has an indirect effect on commitment through the three forms of justice; (2) interactional justice is a mediating variable between knowledge development and commitment; (3) procedural justice is a mediating variable between the practices of autonomy, initiative and commitment and (4) consulting has both a direct and indirect effect on affective commitment through procedural justice.Our observations corroborate the results of previous studies (Meyer and Smith, 2000; Schappe, 1996) that had affirmed a mediating effect of procedural justice between certain practices and organizational commitment. This study also makes a significant contribution with important theoretical and practical implications. First, our research supplements the literature on this topic by proposing an integrating model that measures the simultaneous effect of a larger number of practices than previous studies and that integrates the three principal forms of justice as a mediating variable. Moreover, our results demonstrate that organizations should pay attention to their employees’ perception of justice if they want to significantly increase the employees’ affective commitment by putting HRM practices in place. Moreover, regarding the individual effects of practices, our results suggest that organizations should first target non-monetary recognition practices, followed by power sharing practices (consultation, autonomy, initiative) and knowledge development practices.Lastly, our results confirm that the competitive advantage of successful firms mainly arises from their capacity to increase the added value of their human resources (Becker and Huselid, 1999). To attain organizational success, they must innovate in HRM notably by applying practices that favor the adoption of positive attitudes and behaviors toward the organization. Companies should thus encourage managers to act in compliance with equity, impartiality and respect to stimulate the affective commitment of their employees and maximize the investment required by the introduction of HRM practices.Apoyándose en la teoría del intercambio social, este artículo da cuenta del efecto mediador de las diferentes formas de justicia organizacional (distributiva, procesal, internacional) en la relación existente entre las practicas de gestión de recursos humanos (GRH) inspiradas del modelo Lawler (1986) y el compromiso afectivo. Las 134 personas encuestadas son directores de servicios financieros de una institución bancaria ubicada en la provincia de Quebec. Los análisis de regresión, efectuados según el procedimiento de Kenny, Kashy y Bolger (1998), han confirmado la hipótesis de investigación. Así, los resultados destacan que la percepción de cada una de las formas de justicia organizacional representa una variable mediadora esencial para que la implantación de prácticas de GRH contribuya eficazmente al desarrollo y a la consolidación del compromiso de los empleados con su organización

Étude de l’évolution des déterminants de l’engagement affectif : Le rôle de l’habilitation, du plafonnement de carrière et de la justice organisationnelle

La recherche étudie l’impact des changements apportés dans trois systèmes de GRH sur la variation de l’engagement affectif des employés d’un établissement de santé au Québec entre 1999 et 2002. La problématique de la recherche se base sur la théorie du contrat psychologique de Rousseau (1995), selon laquelle les changements organisationnels modifient les paramètres de la relation d’emploi, lesquels permettent d’améliorer les conditions de travail et le contrat psychologique de l’employé. À l’aide de deux échantillons comparables de 80 répondants, les résultats révèlent que les employés sont plus autonomes et peuvent davantage participer aux processus décisionnels, que les procédures sont plus impartiales et que la perception de plafonnement de carrière est moins élevée dans l’échantillon de 2002 comparativement à celui de 1999. Ces améliorations dans la gestion des ressources humaines sont accompagnées d’une faible augmentation du niveau d’engagement affectif en 2002.For more than a decade, researchers have studied the phenomenon of affective commitment and of its determinants. To our knowledge, no research has studied the variation of the determinants of affective commitment over time. Our research studies the impact of changes made to three HRM systems on the variation of the affective commitment of employees in a Regional Health and Social Services Authority between 1999 and 2002. The research problematic is based on Rousseau’s psychological contract theory (1995), according to which organizational changes modify the terms of the employment relationship, and these make it possible to improve the terms of the work contract, that is to say, the psychological contract of the employee. In response to these improvements, the employee adjusts his behaviours and his attitudes.The general research hypothesis is that changes in the perception of empowerment, of organizational justice and of career plateauing have a positive impact on the development of affective commitment. So as to verify this general hypothesis, specific hypotheses apply to the analysis of the link between each of these factors on affective commitment at two separate points in time, in 1999, and in 2002. Regression analyses make it possible to evaluate these hypotheses and subsequently, interviews were carried out with employees in order to interpret these statistical analyses.The results of the variance analyses reveal that the employees are more autonomous and participate to a higher degree in the decision-making processes, that procedures are more impartial and that employees are less plateaued in the hierarchy in 2002. These improvements in Human Resource Management go along with an increase in the level of affective commitment in 2002: the employees are, at this point, very committed, and highly identify with organizational values and business objectives. As well, these organizational changes make it possible for structural plateauing and interactional justice to become significantly linked to commitment in 2002. Otherwise, only content plateauing is significantly linked to affective commitment in 1999, and 2002. Thus, career plateauing absorbs the influence of the other HRM systems, and these are not significantly linked to commitment.Before setting up mechanisms to empower employees or to improve the impartiality of processes and interactions within the business, managers would be well advised to put in place mechanisms to manage their employees’ careers. This is because plateaued employees, whether this be in their work content or within the hierarchy, are disengaged from the organization, and efforts applied to other HRM practices may be without effect on affective commitment. The implications and the limits of these results are discussed.La investigación estudia el impacto de los cambios acontecidos en tres sistemas de gestión de recursos humanos (GRH) con respecto a la variación de la adhesión afectiva de los empleados de un establecimiento de salud en Quebec entre 1999 y 2002. La problemática de la investigación se basa en la teoría del contrato sicológico de Rousseau (1995) que postula que los cambios organizacionales modifican los parámetros de la relación de empleo, los cuales permiten de mejorar las condiciones del contrato de trabajo y el contrato sicologico del empleado. Basándose en dos muestras comparables de 80 participantes, los resultados revelan que comparativamente al año 1999, en el año 2002 los empleados son mas autónomos y pueden participar mucho mas a los procesos de decisión, que las gestiones son mas imparciales y que los empleados son menos restringidos en la jerarquía. Estas mejoras en la gestión de recursos humanos son acompañadas de un débil aumento del nivel de adhesión afectiva en 2002

Les déterminants organisationnels et individuels de l'emploi atypique: le cas du cumul d'emplois et du travail autonome

Traditionally, the company has been attributed relative control over employees' career paths, particularly in the case of very active organizational management. However, the growing need for organizational flexibility has led to the increasing recourse to atypical work, which in turn contributes to consolidating new careers in which the themes of control and autonomy acquire new meaning. Of these forms of atypical work, multiple jobholding and self-employment have particularly intrigued researchers. Using data compiled by Statistics Canada, we have sought to identify, through logistic regression analyses, the factors that influence the probability of belonging to these two categories of atypical employment. Our results suggest that the influence factors are not identical for the non-standard two job categories studied. Sector of activity, sex and the absence of promotion have a considerable impact on the probability of joining the ranks of the self-employed, whereas professional category and frequency of movement significantly influence the probability of belonging to the multiple jobholder group. Our results also show that the makeup of the populations engaging in these two forms of atypical work is not homogeneous, and that belonging to one of these groups does not necessarily entail precarious living and working conditions. Le rôle traditionnel de la gestion de carrière attribuait à l'entreprise un certain contrôle sur le cheminement des individus, dans la mesure où la prise en charge organisationnelle était très active. Toutefois, le besoin incessant de flexibilité organisationnelle, qui mène à l'utilisation croissante du travail atypique, contribue à la consolidation des nouvelles carrières dans lesquelles les thèmes du contrôle et de l'autonomie sont questionnés. Parmi ces formes de travail atypique, le cumul d'emplois et le travail autonome/à son compte ont particulièrement retenu l'attention des chercheurs. En utilisant des données produites par Statistique Canada, nous avons cherché à identifier, par l'entremise des analyses de régression logistique, les facteurs qui influencent la probabilité de faire partie de ces deux catégories d'emploi atypique. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs d'influence ne sont pas les mêmes pour les deux catégories d'emploi non standard considérées. Le secteur d'activité, le sexe et les promotions jouent davantage sur la probabilité de joindre les effectifs des autonomes/à son compte alors que la catégorie professionnelle, la fréquence du mouvement et l'absence de promotion influencent davantage la probabilité d'appartenir au groupe des cumulards. Finalement, nos résultats montrent que les effectifs de ces deux types de travail atypique ne sont pas homogènes et que l'appartenance à l'un ou l'autre de ces groupes n'implique pas exclusivement la précarité des conditions de vie et de travail.Multiple jobholding, self-employment, new career, Travail atypique, cumul d'emplois, travail autonome/à son compte, flexibilité organisationnelle

L'engagement organisationnel et les comportements discrétionnaires: L'influence des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines

In this study, realized with 536 French Canadian employees, we examine the perceived influence of four Human Resource Processes (information-sharing, empowerment, competencies and recognition) on the organizational commitment and the discretionary behaviors, on the one hand, as well as the role of the organizational commitment (affective and continuance) in the motivation to mobilize some discretionary behaviors at work. The results of the regression analysis reveal that discretionary behaviors are more strongly mobilized when the employees have a strong level of affective attachment towards the organization. In addition, our results show that the perception of a high level of autonomy and influence in the work and the possibility of using his or her competencies have a strong independent positive influence on the mobilization of discretionary behaviors. Finally, this research highlights the predominant role of the non-monetary rewards and of procedural justice practices in the development of affective attachment with the organization and motivation of employees to mobilize for the success of the organization. Dans cette étude, réalisée auprès de 536 salariés et cadres québécois, nous examinons l'influence perçue de quatre processus de GRH (le partage d'information, l'empowerment, les compétences et la reconnaissance) sur l'engagement organisationnel et la mobilisation de comportements discrétionnaires au travail, d'une part, de même que le rôle de l'engagement organisationnel (affectif et continu) dans la motivation à mobiliser certains comportements discrétionnaires au travail. Les résultats de l'analyse multivariée révèlent que les comportements discrétionnaires sont plus fortement mobilisés lorsque les employés possèdent un fort niveau d'engagement affectif à l'égard de l'organisation. Nos résultats montrent par ailleurs qu'un fort sentiment d'autonomie et d'influence et la possibilité de pouvoir utiliser ses compétences au travail exercent une forte influence positive indépendante sur la mobilisation de comportements discrétionnaires. Enfin, cette recherche met en lumière le rôle important de la reconnaissance non-monétaire et de la justice procédurale dans la constitution d'un lien affectif avec l'organisation et la motivation des employés à se mobiliser pour le succès de l'organisation.Mobilization, organizational commitment, discretionary behaviors, information-sharing, empowerment, competencies, recognition, Mobilisation, engagement organisationnel, comportements discrétionnaires, partage d'information, empowerment, gestion des compétences, reconnaissance

Déterminants du recours au travail atypique : Une étude des travailleurs à statut précaire dans les organisations québécoises

Cette étude, réalisée auprès de 250 entreprises privées québécoises, a pour objectif d'identifier les facteurs qui permettent d'expliquer l'intensité du recours à des contrats atypiques, et d'une façon plus particulière, à des travailleurs à statut précaire. Trois catégories de déterminants ont été testées : les facteurs environnementaux, les facteurs internes reliés aux coûts de0501n-d'oeuvre et les facteurs internes reliés à la flexibilité organisationnelle. Les variables du modèle ont permis d'expliquer 19 % de la variance de l'intensité du recours au statut précaire. Les résultats de notre étude suggèrent que le recours à des travailleurs à statut précaire peut être expliqué davantage par des raisons liées aux coûts de0501n-d'oeuvre que par des motifs liés à la flexibilité organisationnelle ou à l'environnement concurrentiel.The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence the use of contingent wokers. More than 250 Canadian organizations participed to the survey. Three class of determinants have been tested: environmental factors, work-force costs factors, and organizational flexibility factors. The model explained 19% of variance in intensity of use of contingent workers. The results suggest that the strategy of externalization of work is motivated much more by cost control considerations, and less by the research of organizational flexibility or by the nature of competitive environment and the structure of ownership

Des ateliers de lecture et d'écriture comme mesure d'aide à la réussite des cours de philosophie

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