Play Your Part: Girl Talk\u27s Indefinite Role in the Digital Sampling Saga

In 2006, Greg Gillis was a twenty-four year old leading a double-life. During the day he was a biomedical engineer, but by night he was slowly becoming an infamous mash-up artist. His albums mixed Top 40 radio hits into a unique postmodern audio pastiche. Under the moniker Girl Talk, Greg made his entrance into the limelight with the release of Night Ripper, his third album. Night Ripper began gaining attention as audiences became intrigued and excited by Greg\u27s ability to blend numerous artists, old and new, into one seamless track. To illustrate, the first track on Night Ripper, Once Again, digitally samples nearly twenty songs, ranging from classic artists such as Boston and Genesis to contemporary rap and pop artists like Ludacris and Oasis. Each digital sample is usually only a few seconds long and represents a mere fragment of the original song. The nineteen digital samples were then mixed together to create one innovative track with a time span of two minutes and forty seconds. By the end of 2006, Night Ripper made both Rolling Stone \u27s and Pitchfork\u27s\u27 top albums of the year list, even though iTunes and CD distributors refused to sell Greg\u27s albums due to their use of unlicensed digital samples. Despite Greg\u27s handicap in distributing his album, his live show reputation led to bookings across the country, allowing him to quit his day job as a biomedical engineer, and ending his double life. The show\u27s party atmosphere usually included toilet paper shooters, large balloons, and Greg barely clothed by the end. By early 2008, Greg began to receive national press from Newsweek and The New York Times. However, the attention was notpurely due to his music ingdnue, but focused more on the fact that Greg\u27s albums contain over 300 samples, which he neither licensed nor received permission to use. In spite of this, Greg has yet to see a courtroom for his alleged infringement. This Comment will examine Greg Gillis’ potential to prevail against a claim of copyright infringement under current law. Part I will describe digital sampling and provide a brief history of its use. Part II will discuss copyright protection for both musical compositions and sound recordings, and the availability of the de minimis defense when either a musical composition or sound recording\u27s copy right is infringed upon. Part III will examine the fair use doctrine andGreg\u27s ability to argue that defense if a copyright infringement claim is brought against him

Prevalence of human papilloma virus among women with breast cancer since 2005-2009 in Isfahan

Background : Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA has been detected in breast carcinoma by different laboratorial techniques, suggesting that the virus could play a role in the pathogenesis of this tumor. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive study. Systematic random sampling was used for selecting 55 cases of breast cancer and 51 controls of benign breast lesions from the file of Seyedshohada hospital of Isfahan since 2005-2009. A total of 106 paraffin-embedded specimens were selected and HPV DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for different types of HPV in case of positivity for HPV DNA. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive statistic, Chi-square, and Fisher′s exact tests. Results: Out of 55 malignant and 51 benign breast specimens, 18.2% (10) and 13.7% (7) were positive to HPV DNA, respectively ( P = 0.53); 70% (7) malignant and 43% (3) benign breast specimens were positive to high-risk HPV genotypes. In malignant specimens, the most common high- and low-risk genotypes were HPV-16 (3.6%) and HPV-11 (3.6%), respectively. In benign specimens, the most common high- and low-risk genotypes were HPV-31 (3.9%) and HPV-43 (3.9%), respectively. Among malignant and benign specimens, ductal carcinoma and fibro adenoma were the most common lesions positive to different types of HPV, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the presence of HPV genome in both malignant and benign tumor tissues in women with breast lesions in Isfahan; therefore, further larger epidemiologic studies need to be analyzed to establish the exact role of this virus in the pathogenesis of breast cancer