Les bienfaits de l’évaluation formative :: effets sur l’apprentissage

Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’évaluation formative. Plus précisément aux effets que celle-ci pourrait avoir sur l’apprentissage des élèves. Dans un premier temps, la problématique apporte un éclairage théorique sur différents concepts reliés à l’évaluation formative. Les caractéristiques de l’évaluation formative, les types d’évaluations, les outils d’évaluation, la régulation ainsi que les hypothèses sur les effets probables de l’évaluation formative sont détaillés. Dans un deuxième temps, la méthodologie renseigne sur la mise en place de mon dispositif ainsi que sur la méthode de collecte de données utilisée. Cette recherche s’est effectuée dans une classe de 7-8H de douze élèves durant un mois. Des activités d’évaluation formatives ont été créées à cet effet et testées sur le terrain. L’avis des élèves a été recueilli au travers d’un questionnaire et d’entretiens, pour apporter un regard extérieur l’observation a également eu lieu. Dans un troisième temps, ces résultats ont été traités, analysés, interprétés et illustrés au travers de figures. L’analyse des données a permis de dégager divers effets sur l’apprentissage des élèves. Ces effets peuvent se classer dans trois grandes catégories, à savoir : rapport à soi, rapport au savoir et rapport aux autres

Turning a social character trait phenomenon into a diagnostic web-based measuring instrument using a grounded theory research method

The formation of proverbs and phrases into poetic forms with synchronised sentence structures and rhyming expressions through authentic dictions that are engaging and meaningful are the treasures of one’s trait and nation. For some race or ethnic groups it is through these classical works of wisdom that a race or an ethnic group could prevail and remain recognised transcends time and age . A list of 26 basic components of social character traits of the Malays was traced through maxims and literary work s of wisdom. The list of social character traits will just remain a list of compilation to be read and forgotten, just like many others written and compiled by other Malay literary scholars. There is a need to make this list scientifically proven. This paper discusses on how these components were transformed into a measuring instrument through a grounded theory research method. The end product was not only a web-based diagnostic instrument to measure the conformity and deviation of an ethnic group but also a formation of a new theory that could be applied to all other ethnics and related groups in the world today that are interested in knowing and preserving their social character traits

Hati budi Melayu: kajian keperibadian sosial Melayu ke arah penjanaan Melayu gemilang

Artikel ini menelusuri warisan sifat keperibadian sosial orang Melayu yang tersemai dalam hati budinya atau “psyche”, dan terjelma dalam tindak-tanduk, budi pekerti, budi bahasa, nilai, norma, pemikiran dan ilmunya. Hashim Hj. Musa (2008) berdasarkan kajian tentang puisi Melayu tradisional yang menyentuh tentang simpulan bahasa, pepatah, dan pantun Melayu lama, telah menubuhkan dua puluh enam (26) teras hati budi Melayu. Orang-orang yang menghayatinya pula dianggap mempunyai nilai etika, moral dan akhlak yang tinggi dan dipandang mulia oleh masyarakat. Mereka itu dinamakan sebagai orang ‘budiman’ iaitu berbudi pekerti dan adab sopan yang mulia, berbudi bahasa dan budi bicara yang santun, bernas dan berwibawa, dan berhati budi yang tinggi dan bijaksana. Namun sifat ini boleh terhakis disebabkan oleh sifat dalaman yang buruk, dan juga oleh pengaruh luaran yang asing, seperti yang pernah terjadi dalam sejarah yang telah menyebabkan kejatuhan kerajaan Melaka, dan dalam zaman kini muncul dalam pelbagai gejala sosial yang buruk. Demi meneliti keadaan hati budi orang Melayu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur sejauh mana keakuran atau penyimpangan teras hati budi Melayu dalam kalangan orang Melayu kini. Hasil penyelidikan awal menunjukkan bahawa orang Melayu masih ada agamanya, nilai murninya, hakikat ilmunya tetapi masih agak lemah dari segi didikan yang menyebabkan kerosakan dalam tingkah laku dan budi pekerti. Oleh yang demikian daya usaha pemupukan kembali 26 teras hati budi itu pada masa kini sangat mendesak demi menjana dan membina umat Melayu masa depan yang gemilang

Microbial communities of the Lemon Creek Glacier show subtle structural variation yet stable phylogenetic composition over space and time

Glaciers are geologically important yet transient ecosystems that support diverse, biogeochemically significant microbial communities. During the melt season glaciers undergo dramatic physical, geochemical and biological changes that exert great influence on downstream biogeochemical cycles. Thus, we sought to understand the temporal melt-season dynamics of microbial communities and associated geochemistry at the terminus of Lemon Creek Glacier (LCG) in coastal southern Alaska. Due to late season snowfall, sampling of LCG occurred in three interconnected areas: proglacial Lake Thomas, the lower glacial outflow stream and the glacier’s terminus. LCG associated microbial communities were phylogenetically diverse and varied by sampling location. However, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated communities at all sampling locations. Strict anaerobic groups such as methanogens, SR1, and OP11 were also recovered from glacier outflows, indicating anoxic conditions in at least some portions of the LCG subglacial environment. Microbial community structure was significantly correlated with sampling location and sodium concentrations. Microbial communities sampled from terminus outflow waters exhibited day-to-day fluctuation in taxonomy and phylogenetic similarity. However, these communities were not significantly different from randomly constructed communities from all three sites. These results indicate that glacial outflows share a large proportion of phylogenetic overlap with downstream environments and that the observed significant shifts in community structure are driven by changes in relative abundance of different taxa, and not complete restructuring of communities. We conclude that LCG glacial discharge hosts a diverse and relatively stable microbiome that shifts at fine taxonomic scales in response to geochemistry and likely water residence time

Rational design of HIV vaccines and microbicides: report of the EUROPRISE network annual conference 2010

Novel, exciting intervention strategies to prevent infection with HIV have been tested in the past year, and the field is rapidly evolving. EUROPRISE is a network of excellence sponsored by the European Commission and concerned with a wide range of activities including integrated developmental research on HIV vaccines and microbicides from discovery to early clinical trials. A central and timely theme of the network is the development of the unique concept of co-usage of vaccines and microbicides. This review, prepared by the PhD students of the network captures much of the research ongoing between the partners. The network is in its 5th year and involves over 50 institutions from 13 European countries together with 3 industrial partners; GSK, Novartis and Sanofi-Pasteur. EUROPRISE is involved in 31 separate world-wide trials of Vaccines and Microbicides including 6 in African countries (Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda), and is directly supporting clinical trials including MABGEL, a gp140-hsp70 conjugate trial and HIVIS, vaccine trials in Europe and Africa

Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0·9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0·9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124. Findings: Between July 4, 2013, and June 21, 2019, we randomly allocated 12 009 patients to receive tranexamic acid (5994, 49·9%) or matching placebo (6015, 50·1%), of whom 11 952 (99·5%) received the first dose of the allocated treatment. Death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation occurred in 222 (4%) of 5956 patients in the tranexamic acid group and in 226 (4%) of 5981 patients in the placebo group (risk ratio [RR] 0·99, 95% CI 0·82–1·18). Arterial thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) were similar in the tranexamic acid group and placebo group (42 [0·7%] of 5952 vs 46 [0·8%] of 5977; 0·92; 0·60 to 1·39). Venous thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) were higher in tranexamic acid group than in the placebo group (48 [0·8%] of 5952 vs 26 [0·4%] of 5977; RR 1·85; 95% CI 1·15 to 2·98). Interpretation: We found that tranexamic acid did not reduce death from gastrointestinal bleeding. On the basis of our results, tranexamic acid should not be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding outside the context of a randomised trial

An immune dysfunction score for stratification of patients with acute infection based on whole-blood gene expression

Dysregulated host responses to infection can lead to organ dysfunction and sepsis, causing millions of global deaths each year. To alleviate this burden, improved prognostication and biomarkers of response are urgently needed. We investigated the use of whole-blood transcriptomics for stratification of patients with severe infection by integrating data from 3149 samples from patients with sepsis due to community-acquired pneumonia or fecal peritonitis admitted to intensive care and healthy individuals into a gene expression reference map. We used this map to derive a quantitative sepsis response signature (SRSq) score reflective of immune dysfunction and predictive of clinical outcomes, which can be estimated using a 7- or 12-gene signature. Last, we built a machine learning framework, SepstratifieR, to deploy SRSq in adult and pediatric bacterial and viral sepsis, H1N1 influenza, and COVID-19, demonstrating clinically relevant stratification across diseases and revealing some of the physiological alterations linking immune dysregulation to mortality. Our method enables early identification of individuals with dysfunctional immune profiles, bringing us closer to precision medicine in infection.peer-reviewe

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Hati budi Melayu: kajian keperibadian sosial Melayu ke arah penjanaan Melayu gemilang

Artikel ini menelusuri warisan sifat keperibadian sosial orang Melayu yang tersemai dalam hati budinya tau “psyche”, dan terjelma dalam tindak-tanduk, budi pekerti, budi bahasa, nilai, norma, pemikiran dan ilmunya. Hashim Hj. Musa (2008) berdasarkan kajian tentang puisi Melayu tradisional yang menyentuh tentang simpulan bahasa, pepatah, dan pantun Melayu lama, telah menubuhkan dua puluh enam (26) teras hati budi Melayu. Orang-orang yang menghayatinya pula dianggap mempunyai nilai etika, moral dan akhlak yang tinggi dan dipandang mulia oleh masyarakat. Mereka itu dinamakan sebagai orang ‘budiman’ iaitu berbudi pekerti dan adab sopan yang mulia, berbudi bahasa dan budi bicara yang santun, bernas dan berwibawa, dan berhati budi yang tinggi dan bijaksana. Namun sifat ini boleh terhakis disebabkan oleh sifat dalaman yang buruk, dan juga oleh pengaruh luaran yang asing, seperti yang pernah terjadi dalam sejarah yang telah menyebabkan kejatuhan kerajaan Melaka, dan dalam zaman kini muncul dalam pelbagai gejala sosial yang buruk. Demi meneliti keadaan hati budi orang Melayu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur sejauh mana keakuran atau penyimpangan teras hati budi Melayu dalam kalangan orang Melayu kini. Hasil penyelidikan awal menunjukkan bahawa orang Melayu masih ada agamanya, nilai murninya, hakikat ilmunya tetapi masih agak lemah dari segi didikan yang menyebabkan kerosakan dalam tingkah laku dan budi pekerti. Oleh yang demikian daya usaha pemupukan kembali 26 teras hati budi itu pada masa kini sangat mendesak demi menjana dan membina umat Melayu masa depan yang gemilang