Phylogenomics and the rise of the angiosperms

Angiosperms are the cornerstone of most terrestrial ecosystems and human livelihoods1,2. A robust understanding of angiosperm evolution is required to explain their rise to ecological dominance. So far, the angiosperm tree of life has been determined primarily by means of analyses of the plastid genome3,4. Many studies have drawn on this foundational work, such as classification and first insights into angiosperm diversification since their Mesozoic origins5,6,7. However, the limited and biased sampling of both taxa and genomes undermines confidence in the tree and its implications. Here, we build the tree of life for almost 8,000 (about 60%) angiosperm genera using a standardized set of 353 nuclear genes8. This 15-fold increase in genus-level sampling relative to comparable nuclear studies9 provides a critical test of earlier results and brings notable change to key groups, especially in rosids, while substantiating many previously predicted relationships. Scaling this tree to time using 200 fossils, we discovered that early angiosperm evolution was characterized by high gene tree conflict and explosive diversification, giving rise to more than 80% of extant angiosperm orders. Steady diversification ensued through the remaining Mesozoic Era until rates resurged in the Cenozoic Era, concurrent with decreasing global temperatures and tightly linked with gene tree conflict. Taken together, our extensive sampling combined with advanced phylogenomic methods shows the deep history and full complexity in the evolution of a megadiverse clade

Prevalence and intent of aggressive behaviors in elite women's ice hockey

There has been a substantial amount of research on aggression in men's ice hockey. Although there is some research on aggression in women's ice hockey, there is still a noticeable absence of empirical research on various aspects of aggression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and intent of aggressive behaviors in university women's ice hockey. Two methods of data acquisition were used: systematic observation (measured prevalence) and stimulated recall interviews (measured intent). Results revealed the presence of several aggressive techniques, such as body checking, punching, pushing, and cross checking. Several reasons for these aggressive behaviors emerged from the analysis, including frustration, intimidation, and protection. These findings augment the literature on aggression in women's ice hockey, providing insight on the prevalence as well as the mechanisms influencing aggressive behaviors