On Conditions of Solvability of the Goursat Problem for Generalized Aller Equation

© 2018, Allerton Press, Inc. In terms of coefficients of an equation under consideration, we derive 16 variants of collections of conditions of resolvability of this equation in quadratures. Every collection consists of three identities that interconnect five coefficients appearing in left-hand side of an equation

Internal and external factors promoting the Diels-Alder reaction

The basic chemical and physical factors determining the rate and equilibrium of the Diels-Alder reaction under standard and high hydrostatic pressures were considered. The search for favorable conditions for this process makes it possible to extend the range of potential reactants and to perform reactions that earlier considered to be forbidden. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

Impact of crime on economic development of the Russian regions

Objective: to analyze the impact of crime as a social capital measure on economic growth in the regions and municipalities of the Russian Federation.Methods: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis; econometric modeling.Results: the paper reviews the literature on the relationship between social capital and crime rate, as well as the impact of crime on economic growth The bonding social capital may generate groups competing for the public goods, which leads to a zero or negative impact of social capital.It also presents an analysis of the impact of crime rate as measures of negative social capital on the economic growth of the Russian Federation regions, including municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan. The number of registered crimes served as a measure of social capital. The assessment of such an element of social capital as norms through the number of crimes, the level of crime and other indicators is one of the generally recognized approaches. The analysis was carried out using an extended regression model based on the Cobb-Douglas production function. Social capital, measured by the number of reported crimes, was included as an additional factor in the model.It is scientifically proved that crime in foreign countries affects economic development and economic growth. The econometric modeling carried out in this article proves the existence of this relationship at the regional and municipal level in Russia. Scientific novelty: at present, the impact of norms as an element of social capital on the regional economic development is little studied. In this study, based on the approaches of economic and mathematical modeling, the influence of such an element of social capital as the norms, measured by the number of crimes on the gross regional product of the Russian Federation subjects and the gross territorial product of the Republic of Tatarstan municipalities for 2008-2016, is proved.Practical significance: the findings of the study can be applied in the activities of regional and municipal authorities forming the regional or municipal policy in the Russian Federation

Determination of steel bar dispersed mass in electric discharge with alternative electrode

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.The mathematical model of plane problem of metal bar dispersion in electric discharge with liquid electrolyte is suggested in this research. The analogy with the plane problem of the theory of jets in an ideal fluid is used to solve the task. It actually means determination of analytic function in the field with one area of unknown boundary. The formula for determination of dispersed metal powder mass assuming the bar axial symmetry has been calculated

Composition, stability, and structure of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes with adipic acid dihydrazide in aqueous and aqueous-ethanol solutions

Solvation and complexation of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) with adipic acid dihydrazide (L) in aqueous and aqueous-ethanol solutions (ethanol mole fraction 0.07-0.68) were studied by spectrophotometry. The formation constants of the species M(LH)3+, ML2+, M2L4+ (μ = Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+), and also M2L 2 4+ and ML 2 2+ (μ = Cu 2+, Ni2+) were determined. With Cu(II), the complexes Cu(LH) 2 4+ , CuL(LH)3+, and Cu 2L(LH)5+ were also detected and characterized. Evidence is given for the hydrazide coordination mode: tridentate in ML2+, bidentate in M(LH)3+ and ML 2 2+ , and tetradentate in M2L4+ and M2L 2 4+ . The ligand exchange reactions involving CuL2+, Cu(LH)3+, Cu(LH) 2 4+ , CuL(LH)3+, CuL 2 2+ , and Cu2L(LH)5+ in aqueous solutions of Cu(II) were revealed and kinetically characterized by nuclear magnetic relaxation. The heretofore unknown rate constants of formation of these complexes were calculated from the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Factors controlling the rate constants of the complex formation and chemical exchange are discussed. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006

Developing flexibility of female variety dance students

The use of the developed complex of static exercises of a stretching nature using expanders made it possible to increase the flexibility indicators of female students engaged in variety dances. The complex of static exercises of a stretching nature using band and ring expanders included 4 blocks of static exercises for the development of mobility of the shoulder girdle, spinal column, hip and ankle joints. All exercises were performed slowly and with certain retention for a while, which contributed to the safe execution of the complex

Solvent effect on the enthalpy of solution and partial molar volume of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

Enthalpies of solution and partial molar volumes of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate were determined in 15 solvents of different polarity. Very large differences of the enthalpies of solution (Δ ΔsolHIL = 38.9 kJ·mol -1) and partial molar volumes (ΔVIL = 43 cm 3·mol -1) are nearly the same as observed for lithium perchlorate solutions. These results clearly indicate that the low values of the macroscopic polarity parameters of [bmim]BF 4 do not correspond with the large differences of the intermolecular interactions in IL solutions. The values of the partial molar volume of the cation, V [bmim]+, were estimated for the first time. The changes of the partial molar volumes, V IL, reflect mainly the changes of anion volume, V BF4. The rate of the Diels-Alder reaction of 9,10- dimethylanthracene with maleic anhydride in the [bmim]BF 4 medium was nearly the same as in common molecular solvents. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

Energy and volume activation parameters of the retro-Diels-Alder reaction in different solvents

The temperature and pressure effects on the decay rate of an adduct obtained from 9-chloroanthracene and tetracyanoethene by a Diels-Alder reaction were studied. The rate constants (298.2 K) and the enthalpies, entropies, and volumes of activation were determined for the retro-Diels-Alder reaction in different solvents. The data obtained confirm a possible decrease in the molar volume of the solvated adduct upon partial bond cleavage on the way to the transition state. The reversal of the sign in front of the activation volume cannot be indicative of a changed reaction mechanism. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Compressibility of liquids. Rule of noncrossing V-P curvatures

Weight analysis of the liquid introduced into the stainless steel bomb under pressures up to 1 kbar in the temperature range of 20-50°C at the interval of 10°C was performed for 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, toluene, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene, and n-hexane. The coefficients of the Tait equation were determined for all of the solvents at each temperature. There was a clear linear relation between the tangent bulk modulus (1/βT) at atmospheric pressure (1 bar) and the secant bulk modulus at 1 kbar; 1/βT = 0.9865 × (1000 V0/ΔV 1kbar) - 4559 was found at a wide range of temperatures for different liquids, including glycerol and even mercury. This represents the rule of noncrossing P-V curvatures for the liquids. Using the correlation, it is possible to predict the coefficients (C, B) of the Tait equation from the experimental data of βT at 1 bar or, on the other hand, to calculate the value of βT from experimental compression at high pressures. © 2008 American Chemical Society