Reticulação de compostos poliméricos para recobrimento de superfícies

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Quimica, Florianópolis, 2009.Na indústria têxtil o recobrimento ou engomagem do fio de algodão tem como objetivo aumentar a resistência mecânica dos fios, ou seja, resistência às trações, vibrações, fricções, choques e alongamentos, que são alguns dos esforços sofridos durante o processo de tecelagem. A escolha da formulação de engomagem é extremamente importante, pois proporciona o máximo desempenho da tecelagem, devendo ter um mínimo ou nenhum efeito prejudicial no urdume tinto e ser de fácil remoção após o processo. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar novos procedimentos para recobrimento do fio têxtil 100% algodão utilizando polímeros sintéticos hidrofílicos como substitutos da goma de amido, visando conferir uma resistência mecânica temporária a esse fio. Para o processo de recobrimento dos fios foi estudado o comportamento dos polímeros sintéticos Poli(álcool vinílico) e Poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona). Para a fixação do polímero no fio foram estudados possíveis processos de reticulação, tais como a reticulação via radiação UV-C, via reação Fenton e Foto-Fenton, via glutaraldeído e via radiação UV-C sensitizada (utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio). Para cada processo de reticulação ainda foi verificada a influência de parâmetros, tais como peso molecular do polímero; concentração da solução de polímero a ser aplicada no fio; temperatura de secagem do polímero; umidade relativa do ambiente de trabalho e tempo de exposição do polímero à radiação UV-C. A influência de cada processo de reticulação no polímero foi medida através de testes de tração e ruptura dos fios recobertos, verificando-se assim o aumento ou a redução da resistência mecânica do fio após os processos de recobrimento e reticulação polimérica. Os ensaios de tração realizados no fio indicaram que o melhor processo de reticulação empregado foi via radiação UV-C, de comprimento de onda 254 nm. De acordo com os resultados, este processo aumentou a resistência mecânica do fio em até 74,6% se comparado ao fio cru, ou seja, sem recobrimento polimérico e reticulação. Os processos oxidativos utilizados para reticulação, tais como Fenton e foto-Fenton não foram eficientes, diminuindo a resistência do fio de algodão. O estudo da aplicação da radiação UV-C foi de grande relevância, pois além de aumentar a resistência mecânica do fio de algodão, esta técnica dispensa o uso de substâncias químicas, evitando a geração de rejeitos tóxicos ao final do processo.Coating of cotton fiber is employed in the textile industry in order to increase the mechanical resistance of the yarns, that is, resistance to vibration, friction, impact and elongation, which are some of the forces the yarn is subjected during the weaving process. The choice of the coating material is extremely important, since it can provide the best performance during the weaving process. However it must present no harmful effect on the dying process and must be easily removed after the weaving process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the usage of synthetic hydrophilic polymers, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) and poly(vinyl alcohol), to coat 100% cotton textile fiber, aiming to give the fiber a temporary mechanical resistance. In order to improve the mechanical resistance of the fiber, the following crosslinking processes were investigated: UV-C radiation, the Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions, sensitized UV-C radiation and using crosslinking agents, such as, the glutaraldehyde. For each crosslinking process the influence of some parameters were verified, such as: polymer molecular weight; concentration of the polymer solution; drying temperature of the polymer; relative humidity of the environment and UV-C radiation exposure time. The influence of each crosslinking process was determined through tensile testing of the coated fibers. The results indicated that the best crosslinking process employed was UV-C radiation, increasing the mechanical resistance of the yarn up to 74,6% if compared with the pure cotton yarn, that is, without polymeric coating and crosslinking. The oxidative processes used, Fenton and photo-Fenton, were not efficient, decreasing the yarn mechanical resistance. The study of the application of UV-C radiation was of great relevance and despite increasing the mechanical resistance of the yarn it dispensed the use of chemical substances, avoiding the generation of toxic wastes at the end of the process

Remoção de corantes de efluentes têxteis utilizando folhas de Azadirachta indica como adsorvente

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia QuímicaA remoção de corantes presentes em efluentes industriais tem recebido enorme atenção nos últimos anos. Isto se deve ao aumento da conscientização e rigidez das leis ambientais. A adsorção é uma das técnicas que tem sido empregada com sucesso para uma remoção efetiva da cor. Porém, a eficiência do processo de adsorção depende da escolha de um adsorvente apropriado. Devido ao alto custo de alguns adsorventes convencionais, pesquisas vêm sendo direcionadas para o uso de adsorventes alternativos, como é o caso da folha da árvore de Neem. A árvore de Neem (Azadirachta indica) é nativa da Índia e sua importância é reconhecida pela Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos, a qual publicou um relatório, em 1992, intitulado "Neem - uma árvore para resolver os problemas mundiais". O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a aplicação das folhas de Neem como um adsorvente alternativo para remoção de corantes presentes em efluentes têxteis. O corante utilizado para o estudo foi o corante reativo Azul Remazol RR. Visando obter as melhores condições de remoção deste corante, verificou-se a influência dos seguintes parâmetros: pH da solução aquosa, agitação do banho, adição de sal (sulfato de sódio), temperatura da mistura e granulometria do adsorvente. As melhores condições obtidas para a adsorção do corante reativo Azul Remazol RR foram empregadas para a adsorção do corante ácido Azul Lanaset 2R e do corante básico Azul Maxilon GRL, visando verificar a eficiência do adsorvente com relação a diferentes classes de corantes. Espectrofotometria foi a técnica de análise utilizada para medir a concentração de corante remanescente na fase fluida, após o processo de adsorção com folhas de Neem. Os modelos de Langmuir, Freundlich e Radke & Prausnitz foram utilizados para ajustar os dados experimentais da variação da concentração do soluto adsorvido na fase sólida (adsorvente) em função da concentração de equilíbrio na fase fluida e apresentaram boa correlação. De acordo com os dados experimentais, a remoção do corante Azul Maxilon GRL utilizando folhas de Neem como adsorvente alternativo foi superior a 99%. Para os corantes Azul Lanaset 2R e Azul Remazol RR, a remoção foi de aproximadamente 97% e 90%, respectivamente. Para avaliação final do efluente resultante após o processo de adsorção com folhas de Neem, foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda com Artemia salina e Daphnia magna, donde se obteve que o extrato da folha de Neem pode ser responsável pelo aumento da toxicidade da solução corante. Dessa forma, o extrato da folha foi removido e um novo ensaio foi realizado obtendo-se melhores resultados. Contudo, a remoção de corantes presentes em efluentes têxteis utilizando folhas de Neem como adsorvente apresentou ótimos resultados, podendo este ser empregado na indústria como alternativa para o tratamento dos rejeitos têxteis. The removal of dyes present in industrial effluent has received great attention in the last few years. It is due to the increase of awareness and rigidity of the environmental rules. Adsorption is one of the techniques that has been used with success for the effective removal of dyes. However, the efficiency of the adsorption process depends on the choice of a proper adsorbent. Because of the high cost of some conventional adsorbent, researches have been directed to the use of alternative adsorbent, such as the Neem tree leaves. The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is native from India and its importance has been recognized by the US National Academy of Sciences, which published a report in 1992 entitled #Neem # a tree for solving global problems#. The aim of the present work was to investigate the use of Neem leaves as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of dyes present in the textile effluent. The dyestuff studied was the reactive dye Remazol Blue RR. In order to get the best removal condition for this dye, it was verified the influence of the following parameters: aqueous solution pH, agitation, addition of sodium sulfate, temperature of mixture and adsorbent particle size. The best conditions obtained for the adsorption of reactive dye Remazol Blue RR were used for the adsorption of the acid dye Lanaset Blue 2R and for the basic dye Maxilon Blue GRL in order to verify the efficiency of the adsorbent for different dye classes. Spectrofotometry was the technique used to measure the concentration of the dye remained in the fluid phase after the adsorption process using Neem tree leaves. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Radke & Prausnitz models were used to adjust the experimental data of changes in the concentration of the solute adsorbed on the solid phase (adsorbent) according to the equilibrium concentration of the fluid phase and showed good correlation. According to the experimental data, the removal of Maxilon Blue GRL using Neem tree leaves as an alternative adsorbent was superior to 99%. For the dyes Lanaset Blue 2R and Remazol Blue RR the removal was approximately 97% and 90%, respectively. For the final evaluation of the effluent after the adsorption process using Neem tree leaves, acute toxicity tests were carried out with Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, and the result obtained showed that the extract from Neem leaves might be responsible for the increase in dye solution toxicity. According to this, the extract from the leaves was removed and a new experiment was carried out with better results. However, the removal of dyes present in textile effluent using Neem tree leaves as adsorbent showed great results, which could be used in industry as an alternative for the treatment of textile discarding

Diffusional approach on electrospun PLLA membranes for caffeine delivery

One of the great advantages of electrospun fibers is the large tridimensional area produced, capable of storing any type of material. The aim of our investigation is to study the electrospinning technique to produce polymer membranes for drug delivery applications, given their large surface area and ability to transport a bioactive compound. A mathematical modeling of the delivery system kinetics was also studied to find the mechanism that controls the releasing process. Results showed that electrospinning could provide regular and smooth membranes suitable for drug delivery processes. The choice of a proper solvent for this process was an important parameter analyzed, because it determined whether fibers were capable of forming, as well as influencing fiber porosity. The mathematical modeling also proved that thicker PLLA membranes exhibited a Fickian diffusion behavior during the drug transport, presenting better control in drug delivery processesThe authors are grateful to CAPES for financial supportPostprint (published version

How acid attack and high temperature affect the microstructure of adsorbent geopolymers

Geopolymers (GPs) are versatile materials that have low intrinsic porosity. This characteristic can be used as a motivator for the development of porous GPs, since separation processes require adsorbents with a high specific area. Thus, this work aimed to elucidate how acid attack and calcination affect the microstructure of GPs. For this purpose, a GP was exposed to H2SO4 and 200 °C, being later characterized in terms of morphology, mineralogy, functional groups, and textural properties. Acid etching and calcination proved to be effective strategies for surface area improvement, making the modified GP a strong candidate for use as an adsorbent

Drug delivery systems using sandwich configurations of electrospun poly(lactic acid) nanofiber membranes and ibuprofen

The primary advantages of electrospun membranes include the ability to obtain very thin fibers that are on the order of magnitude of several nanometers with a considerable superficial area and the possibility for these membranes to be manipulated and processed for many different applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and quantify the transport mechanisms that control the release of drugs from polymer-based sandwich membranes produced using the electrospinning processes. These electrospun membranes were composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) because it is one of the most promising biodegradable polymers due to its mechanical properties, thermoplastic processability and biological properties, such as its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The transport mechanism that controls the drug delivery was evaluated via the release kinetics of a bioactive agent in physiological serum, which was used as a corporal fluid simulation. To describe the delivery process, mathematical models, such as the Power Law, the classical Higuchi equation and an approach to Fick's Second Law were used. Using the applied mathematical models, it is possible to conclude that control over the release of the drug is significantly dependent on the thickness of the membrane rather than the concentration of the drug.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Adsorption of Remazol Blue RR from Textile Effluents Using Leaf Powder as an Alternative Adsorbent

Adsorption is one of the techniques used for the effective removal of dyes from industrial effluents, but the adsorption efficiency depends on the choice of a suitable adsorbent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of Neem leaves as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of dyes present in textile effluents. The dyestuff studied was the reactive dye Remazol Blue RR. In order to obtain the best removal conditions, the influence of the following parameters was investigated: pH value of the aqueous solution, agitation, addition of sodium sulphate, temperature and adsorbent particle size. A good correlation was obtained when the Langmuir model was applied to fit the experimental data obtained for the concentration of solute adsorbed by the solid phase in terms of the equilibrium concentration of the fluid phase. The experimental data showed that 90% removal of Remazol Blue RR was achievable using Neem leaves as the adsorbent

Drug delivery systems using sandwich configurations of electrospun poly(lactic acid) nanofiber membranes and ibuprofen

The primary advantages of electrospun membranes include the ability to obtain very thin fibers that are on the order of magnitude of several nanometers with a considerable superficial area and the possibility for these membranes to be manipulated and processed for many different applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and quantify the transport mechanisms that control the release of drugs from polymer-based sandwich membranes produced using the electrospinning processes. These electrospun membranes were composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) because it is one of the most promising biodegradable polymers due to its mechanical properties, thermoplastic processability and biological properties, such as its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The transport mechanism that controls the drug delivery was evaluated via the release kinetics of a bioactive agent in physiological serum, which was used as a corporal fluid simulation. To describe the delivery process, mathematical models, such as the Power Law, the classical Higuchi equation and an approach to Fick's Second Law were used. Using the applied mathematical models, it is possible to conclude that control over the release of the drug is significantly dependent on the thickness of the membrane rather than the concentration of the drug.Peer Reviewe

Crosslinking of Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in the Coating of Cotton Yarn

Coating of cotton yarn is employed in the textile industry to increase the mechanical resistance of the yarns and resistance to vibration, friction, impact, and elongation, which are some of the forces to which the yarn is subjected during the weaving process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the usage of a synthetic hydrophilic polymer, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), to coat 100% cotton textile yarn, aiming to give the yarn a temporary mechanical resistance. For the improvement of the mechanical resistance of the yarn, the following crosslinking processes of PVP were investigated: UV-C (ultraviolet) radiation, the Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions, and sensitized UV-C radiation. The influence of each crosslinking process was determined through tensile testing of the coated yarns. The results indicated that the best crosslinking process employed was UV-C radiation; increasing the mechanical resistance of the yarn up to 44% if compared with the pure cotton yarn, that is, without polymeric coating and crosslinking. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 51:445-453, 2011. (C) 2010 Society of Plastics EngineersCNPqConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP)FINEPKARSTENKARSTE

Coating of Cotton Yarn with Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) Crosslinked via Ultraviolet Radiation

The coating of cotton fiber is used in the textile industry to increase the mechanical resistance of the yarn and their resistance to vibration, friction, impact, and elongation, which are some of the forces to which the yarn is subjected during the weaving process. The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of synthetic hydrophilic polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) to coat 100% cotton textile fiber, with the aim of giving the fiber temporary mechanical resistance. For the fixation of the polymer on the fiber, UV-C radiation was used as the crosslinking process. The influence of the crosslinking process was determined through tensile testing of the coated fibers. The results indicated that UV-C radiation increased the mechanical resistance of the yarn coated with PVP by up to 44% and the yarn coated with PVA by up to 67% compared with the pure cotton yarn, that is, without polymeric coating and crosslinking. This study is of great relevance, and it is important to consider that UV-C radiation dispenses with the use of chemical substances and prevents the generation of toxic waste at the end of the process. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 2560-2567, 2011CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia/Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico/Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Karsten S. A.Karsten S. A.Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP