The Overview of Japanese Encephalitis and Nipah Diseases

An outbreak of encephalitis in Malaysia, caused a panic among Veterinary and animal husbandry expert internationally in late 1998. Suspected Japanese encephalitis (JE) had been eliminated after an intensif investigation to diagnose the outbreak. The result indicated that Nipah virus played an important role caused the outbreak. Controversion on causative agent between JE and Nipah leads to further discussion on the difference and similarities between JE and Nipah from different aspects included their aetiology, clinical signs, host, diagnosis and control the disease.   Keywords: Japanese encephalitis, nipa

Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibody for detection of bluetongue virus antigen An

antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a specific anti-bluetongue virus group was applied to detect bluetongue viral antigen . The test was specific for bluetongue viruses and did not detect the closely related epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer viruses (EHDV) and other orbiviruses . It was easy to perform and could be established in laboratories which have simple facilities . The antigen-capture ELISA technique is an alternative method to agar gel immunodiffusion and immuno-dot blotting tests to detect bluetongue antigen in infected tissues, Vero cells, Aedes albopictus cells and BHK-21 cell cultures .   Keywords : ELISA, monoclonal antibody, antigen detection, B

Canine Parvovirus in Dogs

Parvovirus disease in dogs is caused by Parvovirus, a member of famili Parvoviridae. In young puppies, less than 4 months age, CPV infect heart, while older puppies CPV will infect tractus digestivus, which caused blood diarrhoea. In general, the cinical signs of CPV disease are vomit, loss appetite, and blood diarrhoea. Parvovirus will inactivated by given chemical reagents such as Hypoclorised or formalin. Vaccination is the only way to protect the disease. The right time of vaccination will give the optimum protection of the disease. Hence, monitoring the immune response after vaccination needs to be developed to gain the information on the best time to vvaccinate the dogs, so the failure of vaccination can be avoided.   Key words: Parvovirus, vaccination, diagnosi

Pathogenicity study of local bluetongue virus isolates in local and imported sheep

Bluetongue is one of arboviruses that caused economical impact to sheep farmers. Six local bluetongue virus (BT) serotypes isolates were obtained from sentinel cattle blood in West Java and Irian Jaya (Papua), but its pathogenicity has not been identified. Propagation of viraemic blood inoculum from 3 local BT serotypes such as serotypes 1,9 and 21, that had been conducted in Merino sheep, will be used for pathogenicity study. The study was devided into 3 groups, each group contained local and imported sheep as control and infected sheep. All sheep had been tested as negative BT antibodies. Observation on clinical signs had been conducted twice daily for 28 days. Heparinised blood and sera were collected everyday to obtain the viraemia period by Ag-C-ELISA test and antibody respons by C-ELISA test. The clinical signs produced were varied from normal to very mild in local sheep and very mild to mild-moderate in Merino sheep.The lowest severe degree of clinical signs was BT 9 followed by BT 1 and BT 21. No dead, neither local and Merino sheep occurred. Viraemia in Merino sheep occurred between 3-5 days and in local sheep between 4-7 days post inoculation (DPI). Antibody respons occurred as quick as 10 DPI in Merino sheep and 9 DPI in local sheep, and stayed until the end of experiment. This study showed that local BT isolates were not pathogen and not producing clasical BT infection.     Key Words: Bluetongue Virus, Antibody Respons, Viraemia, Serology, Shee

Seroepidemiology of Canine parvovirus infection in dogs

Canine parvovirus is an acute and fatal viral disease in dogs. A total of 209 local, cross breed and breed dogs sera from Kodya Bogor, Kabupaten Bogor, Sukabumi, and Jakarta, had been tested using Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HI) with pig red blood cells. A total of 64 breed and cross breed dogs from Sukabumi and Kodya Bogor, were used as a sentinel dogs to study the epidemiology of Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection and its immunological responses caused by vaccination. The results indicated that 78% (95) breed and cross bred dogs and 59% (51) local dogs had antibody to CPV. Sentinel dogs results indicated that dogs had been vaccinated showed antibody response with the varied titre dependant upon prevaccination titre. Low prevaccinated titre gave better response than protective level titre. From 19 puppies observed, Maternal antibodi were still detected until 5 weeks old puppies. First vaccination given at less than 3 months old, should be boosted after 3 months old puppied. Antibodi titre produced by natural infection will keep untill 2 years. These data concluded that the dog condition and time of vaccination will affect the optimum antibody response.   Key words: Canine parvovirus, haemagglutination inhibition, isolatio

The Development of Japanese Encephalitis in Indonesia

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic viral disease which causes encephalitis in children (5-9 years old) . The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes. The presence of JE virus, vector and reservoir host in Indonesia, will increase the concern of the possibility of JE outbreak in Indonesia. JE infection in human was reported by clinical and serological findings. Recently, JE case in Bali was declared as hyperendemic (usually sporadic) . In animals, JE infection has been confirmed by serology and viral isolation, while JE vector had been found in different species of mosquitoes by successful viral isolation from those mosquitoes. The prevention and control of JE are conducted by socialization about JE to the society, by cutting the JE transmission cycle (virus, vector and host), including pig farm relocation . The development of regional laboratories (facilities and human resources) to diagnose JE and the establishment BSL of 3 laboratory in the central laboratory institute to isolate the JE virus and to conduct further JE research on the role of animal in transmitting JE to human, must be conducted . Key words : Japanese encephalitis, epidemiology, diagnose, animals, huma

Anticipation of the entry and spread of Equine Infectious Anemia in Horses in Indonesia

Horse is an attractive commodity in the world of horse matches, both for horse racing and equistrian. Recently, Asian countries including Indonesia have conducted international horse races. Horse traffic from several countries is unavoidable. This movement can lead to the entry of new diseases or the transmission of imported horses from local horses. At present, data on horse disease in Indonesia has not been widely reported, including Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). This paper discusses EIA disease in horses about the etiology, characterization, spread of disease, its status in Indonesia and its treatment. EIA is a chronic disease characterized by high fever and thrombocytopenia. One of the factors that spread EIA infection, namely through traffic or horse movements. The highest risk factors for the spread of EIA disease are in the equestrian sector, followed by horse as a hobby, horse show or fattening horses for consumption. Wet environmental factors have higher risk to infection than dry areas. Applying the proper quarantine system, monitoring horse disease through surveillance, and implementing biosecurity at farms, location of events and at veterinary clinics, need to be done so that the entry of EIA disease can be anticipated as early as possible. This paper is expected to be useful and can be used as input for policy makers in the horse imports and movement

African Swine Fever: Penyakit Emerging yang Mengancam Peternakan Babi di Dunia

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease in pigs that caused by the double-stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. The disease is characterized by haemorrhages in the ears, back and legs. This virus causes death in pigs and has a large economic impact. However, ASF is not a zoonotic disease, hence it has no an impact on human health. This paper  will discuss about ASF disease, route of transmision, how to diagnose, and handling of ASF. This disease has spread throughout Asia in a relatively short time in 2019, and this exotic disease has been reported entering Indonesia at the end of 2019. There is no effective prevention and control of the disease. Several vaccines have been developed but are still considered ineffective while commercial vaccines are not yet available. Safety and effectiveness of vaccines are still being considered because ASF virus is very unique and different from other DNA viruses,. Therefore, prevention of ASF infection should be done by conducting strict biosecurity, applying regulations on the movement of pigs and pig products to the region or country

Nipah and its Current Situation in Indonesia

Recently, the incidence of zoonotic disease in the world increases, due to technology development, human activities and ecosystem changes . One of these diseases is an outbreak of Nipah in the neighbouring country, Malaysia, which caused 105 people died and more than one million pig were culled . Malaysia is the adjacent country to Indonesia, hence, it is possible that Nipah will be transferred to Indonesia through imported pigs and their products, and the migration of wild animal such as fruit bat. Because of Nipah is one of emerging diseases and hazardous to human, it needs a serious attention . Preliminary results on Nipah serology at the Research Institute for Veterinary Science . Bogor .. indicated that pigs in Riau. North Sumatera . North Sulawesi and West Jawa areas were negative to Nipah virus infection . However, the reservoir host, fruit bats from North Sumatera, West Java and East Java areas had been proven to have antibodies against Nipah virus using both ELISA and serum neutralization tests . With this condition, human and animal health departments should anticipate a possible occurrence of Nipah viral infection in Indonesia . This paper reviewes many aspects of Nipah included aetiology, epidemiology, the situation in Indonesia, prevention and controlling recommendation, that can be used as an input in order to improve veterinary public health in Indonesia. Key words: Nipah, aetiology, epidemiology, controlling, Indonesi