2 Kenneth P. Ruscio, -Many Sectors, Many Professions‖

(1) University, church and politics 1 At every university, institutional structure shaped the professional role and reflected the mission of postsecondary educational institutions. (2) Appointment procedures during reactionism When the Second Viennese Medical School was founded around 1830, by the pathologist Carl Rokitansky, the internist Joseph Škoda and the dermatologist Ferdinand Hebra, qualification examinations decided on appointments to the medical faculty. After the doctorate, scholars, who wished to go into academia, were supposed to write a habilitation, a second thesis. Once they passed their habilitation, they were called ´Privatdozent`. The nomination for professor extraordinarius made them eligible to be appointed to a chair. 3 From the doctrines and principles contained in the qualification papers, the -morality‖ of the applicant was judged, which actually corresponded to a covered political -attitude examinations‖. This meant, the more system-conformal the submitted scientific work was formulated, the higher the chances were for the applicant. 4 The university at this time was not a place of -free intellectual exchange‖. 5 Chairs were given as acknowledgment for merits, which were based more o