Conditions Effecting Rural Fire Department Preparedness for Chemical Disasters in Northeast Oklahoma: A Case Study

Throughout history, humankind has struggled with vulnerability and the effects of disasters on the ill prepared. The community and field of disaster research acknowledges fire departments as key stakeholders in preparedness. These agencies commonly conduct pre-fire planning, purchase specialized equipment, and train for a variety of responses. Fire departments operate with certain types of capital, including funding, available personnel, community values and beliefs, political atmospheres, and natural and built environments; which limit or allow preparedness planning. Research has shown that, compared to their urban counterparts, rural communities have fewer trained and prepared personnel, less equipment, and a lack of financial capital with which to prepare for disaster events involving chemicals. Chemical use continues to increase in industry, and recent U.S. legislation has caused shipments through rural communities to escalate, resulting in an increased risk of chemical releases. Fire chiefs understand how the community creates and changes capital used by the fire department. This study examined the impact of community capitals on chemical disaster preparedness in rural Northeast Oklahoma fire departments from the fire chief perspective. The 27 survey participants, and 21 interviewees, revealed that the social capital within the study region was robust. Strong community linkages created support for their local fire department. Although this support did not necessarily result in volunteers, it did result in reduced resistance to preparedness activities. Emergent themes revealed vulnerability in the meager number of capable and available personnel, lack of response equipment and materials, low perceived chemical risk, inadequate time, and inadequate consistent funding to prepare for chemical hazards. While community capitals in rural communities appear lacking, fire departments have found means of coping, allowing them to conduct some preparedness activities; but not for chemical disasters events.Environmental Scienc

A phase 1b study of trebananib in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or topotecan in women with recurrent platinum-resistant or partially platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the tolerability and antitumor activity of trebananib plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or topotecan in recurrent platinum-resistant or partially platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. METHODS: In this open-label phase 1b study, patients received trebananib 10mg/kg or 15mg/kg IV QW plus PLD 50mg/m(2) (cohorts A1 and A3, respectively) or topotecan 4mg/m(2) (cohorts B1 and B3, respectively). Endpoints were dose-limiting toxicity (DLT; primary); treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), overall response rate, anti-trebananib antibodies, and pharmacokinetics (secondary). RESULTS: 103 patients were enrolled. One patient in A1 and B1 had DLTs. Across all cohorts, the most common AEs were nausea, fatigue, and peripheral edema. Across both trebananib plus PLD cohorts (A1/A3), grade 4 AEs were pulmonary embolism, disease progression, and anemia. Two patients had grade 5 intestinal perforation (n=1) and sudden death (n=1). Across both trebananib plus topotecan cohorts (B1/B3), grade 4 AEs were neutropenia, hypokalemia, decreased granulocyte count, chest pain, dyspnea, decreased neutrophil count, and pulmonary embolism. Two patients had grade 5 disease progression. One patient had grade 5 pleural effusion associated with progressive disease. Confirmed objective response rates were 36.0% (A1), 34.8% (A3), 16.7% (B1), and 0.0% (B3). Median progression-free survival duration (months) was 7.4 (A1), 7.1 (A3), 3.5 (B1), and 3.1 (B3), respectively. No drug-drug interactions were apparent. CONCLUSIONS: Trebananib 10mg/kg and 15mg/kg IV QW plus PLD or topotecan appear to have acceptable toxicity profiles in recurrent platinum-resistant or partially platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Antitumor activity was evident across all cohorts

The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census

no.1:Text (1884

The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census

no.3 (1887