Resolving Globular Cluster Formation within a Cosmological Context

We place constraints on the formation redshifts for blue globular clusters (BGCs), independent of the details of hydrodynamics and population III star formation. The observed radial distribution of BGCs in the Milky Way Galaxy suggests that they formed in biased dark matter halos at high redshift. As a result, simulations of a ~1 Mpc box up to z~10 must resolve BGC formation in LCDM. We find that most halo stars could be produced from destroyed BGCs and other low-mass clusters that formed at high redshift. We present a proof-of-concept simulation that captures the formation of globular-like star clusters.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Metadata standards and practical guidelines for specimen and DNA curation when building barcode reference libraries for aquatic life

DNA barcoding and metabarcoding is increasingly used to effectively and precisely assess and monitor biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. As these methods rely on data availability and quality of barcode reference libraries, it is important to develop and follow best practices to ensure optimal quality and traceability of the metadata associated with the reference barcodes used for identification. Sufficient metadata, as well as vouchers, corresponding to each reference barcode must be available to ensure reliable barcode library curation and, thereby, provide trustworthy baselines for downstream molecular species identification. This document (1) specifies the data and metadata required to ensure the relevance, the accessibility and traceability of DNA barcodes and (2) specifies the recommendations for DNA harvesting and for the storage of both voucher specimens/samples and barcode data.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ECMO for COVID-19 patients in Europe and Israel

Since March 15th, 2020, 177 centres from Europe and Israel have joined the study, routinely reporting on the ECMO support they provide to COVID-19 patients. The mean annual number of cases treated with ECMO in the participating centres before the pandemic (2019) was 55. The number of COVID-19 patients has increased rapidly each week reaching 1531 treated patients as of September 14th. The greatest number of cases has been reported from France (n = 385), UK (n = 193), Germany (n = 176), Spain (n = 166), and Italy (n = 136) .The mean age of treated patients was 52.6 years (range 16–80), 79% were male. The ECMO configuration used was VV in 91% of cases, VA in 5% and other in 4%. The mean PaO2 before ECMO implantation was 65 mmHg. The mean duration of ECMO support thus far has been 18 days and the mean ICU length of stay of these patients was 33 days. As of the 14th September, overall 841 patients have been weaned from ECMO support, 601 died during ECMO support, 71 died after withdrawal of ECMO, 79 are still receiving ECMO support and for 10 patients status n.a. . Our preliminary data suggest that patients placed on ECMO with severe refractory respiratory or cardiac failure secondary to COVID-19 have a reasonable (55%) chance of survival. Further extensive data analysis is expected to provide invaluable information on the demographics, severity of illness, indications and different ECMO management strategies in these patients

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Finance et Climat : Risques, enjeux et perspectives

This thesis studies the links between finance and climate change.The first part focuses on the financial risks induced by climate change and the ways to adapt to them. These risks are now classically divided into two categories: physical and transition risks. It is the latter in particular that we are interested in.We will see in the first part that the strategy widely recommended for financial institutions today, the establishment of scenarios, presents certain pitfalls that are difficult to overcome in their implementation. These scenarios are generally global, suffer from radical uncertainties and are based on assumptions that imply changes (regulatory, legal, behavioral, etc.) that go beyond the financial institutions. After this initial analysis, we then hypothesize about the underlying assumptions that may have led to these recommendations.In the second part, we propose another approach, based on country risk analysis, which takes into account the sociological, geopolitical and technical dimensions of the transition. Two case studies are conducted to illustrate our point, whose conclusions are then generalized.Finally, we study how regulators could take up our proposal, and discuss the other possibilities of regulation currently in the public debate.The second part focuses on the financing of the transition. After a quick overview of the different estimates of the needs available today, we present an original proposal for international public guarantees whose aim is to redirect financial flows on a large scale towards low-carbon investment needs.Finally, we present the private sustainable finance instruments available today, and highlight the importance of certification processes using a model.Cette thèse étudie les liens entre la finance et le dérèglement climatique. La première partie s’intéresse aux risques financiers induit par le changement climatique et les façons de s’y adapter. Ces risques sont désormais classiquement divisés en deux catégories : les risques physiques et de transition. C’est à ce dernier en particulier que nous nous intéressons. Nous verrons dans une première partie que la stratégie largement préconisée à intention des institutions financières aujourd’hui, l’établissement de scénarios, présente certains écueils difficilement surmontables dans leur mise en pratique. Ces scénarios sont en effet généralement globaux, souffrent d’incertitudes radicales et reposent de surcroît sur des hypothèses qui impliquent des modifications (réglementaires, légales, de comportement…) qui dépassent les institutions financières. Une fois cette première analyse menée, nous émettons ensuite une hypothèse quant aux hypothèses sous-jacentes qui ont pu donner lieu à ces recommandations. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une autre approche, fondée sur l’analyse risque-pays, qui prend en compte les dimensions sociologiques, géopolitique et technique de la transition. Deux études de cas sont menées pour illustrer notre propos, dont les conclusions sont ensuite généralisées.Enfin, nous étudions la façon dont les régulateurs pourraient s’emparer de notre proposition, et discuterons les autres possibilités de régulation aujourd’hui dans le débat public.La seconde partie s’intéresse au financement de la transition. Après un rapide survol des différentes estimations des besoins aujourd’hui disponible, nous présentons une proposition originale de garanties publiques internationales dont le but est de réorienter à grande échelle les flux financiers vers les besoins en investissements bas carbone. Enfin, nous présentons les instruments de la finance durable privée aujourd’hui disponibles, et soulignons l’importance des processus de certification aux moyens d’un modèle

Finance and climate change : Risk, issue and perspectives

Cette thèse étudie les liens entre la finance et le dérèglement climatique. La première partie s’intéresse aux risques financiers induit par le changement climatique et les façons de s’y adapter. Ces risques sont désormais classiquement divisés en deux catégories : les risques physiques et de transition. C’est à ce dernier en particulier que nous nous intéressons. Nous verrons dans une première partie que la stratégie largement préconisée à intention des institutions financières aujourd’hui, l’établissement de scénarios, présente certains écueils difficilement surmontables dans leur mise en pratique. Ces scénarios sont en effet généralement globaux, souffrent d’incertitudes radicales et reposent de surcroît sur des hypothèses qui impliquent des modifications (réglementaires, légales, de comportement…) qui dépassent les institutions financières. Une fois cette première analyse menée, nous émettons ensuite une hypothèse quant aux hypothèses sous-jacentes qui ont pu donner lieu à ces recommandations. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une autre approche, fondée sur l’analyse risque-pays, qui prend en compte les dimensions sociologiques, géopolitique et technique de la transition. Deux études de cas sont menées pour illustrer notre propos, dont les conclusions sont ensuite généralisées.Enfin, nous étudions la façon dont les régulateurs pourraient s’emparer de notre proposition, et discuterons les autres possibilités de régulation aujourd’hui dans le débat public.La seconde partie s’intéresse au financement de la transition. Après un rapide survol des différentes estimations des besoins aujourd’hui disponible, nous présentons une proposition originale de garanties publiques internationales dont le but est de réorienter à grande échelle les flux financiers vers les besoins en investissements bas carbone. Enfin, nous présentons les instruments de la finance durable privée aujourd’hui disponibles, et soulignons l’importance des processus de certification aux moyens d’un modèle.This thesis studies the links between finance and climate change.The first part focuses on the financial risks induced by climate change and the ways to adapt to them. These risks are now classically divided into two categories: physical and transition risks. It is the latter in particular that we are interested in.We will see in the first part that the strategy widely recommended for financial institutions today, the establishment of scenarios, presents certain pitfalls that are difficult to overcome in their implementation. These scenarios are generally global, suffer from radical uncertainties and are based on assumptions that imply changes (regulatory, legal, behavioral, etc.) that go beyond the financial institutions. After this initial analysis, we then hypothesize about the underlying assumptions that may have led to these recommendations.In the second part, we propose another approach, based on country risk analysis, which takes into account the sociological, geopolitical and technical dimensions of the transition. Two case studies are conducted to illustrate our point, whose conclusions are then generalized.Finally, we study how regulators could take up our proposal, and discuss the other possibilities of regulation currently in the public debate.The second part focuses on the financing of the transition. After a quick overview of the different estimates of the needs available today, we present an original proposal for international public guarantees whose aim is to redirect financial flows on a large scale towards low-carbon investment needs.Finally, we present the private sustainable finance instruments available today, and highlight the importance of certification processes using a model

Finance et Climat : Risques, enjeux et perspectives

This thesis studies the links between finance and climate change.The first part focuses on the financial risks induced by climate change and the ways to adapt to them. These risks are now classically divided into two categories: physical and transition risks. It is the latter in particular that we are interested in.We will see in the first part that the strategy widely recommended for financial institutions today, the establishment of scenarios, presents certain pitfalls that are difficult to overcome in their implementation. These scenarios are generally global, suffer from radical uncertainties and are based on assumptions that imply changes (regulatory, legal, behavioral, etc.) that go beyond the financial institutions. After this initial analysis, we then hypothesize about the underlying assumptions that may have led to these recommendations.In the second part, we propose another approach, based on country risk analysis, which takes into account the sociological, geopolitical and technical dimensions of the transition. Two case studies are conducted to illustrate our point, whose conclusions are then generalized.Finally, we study how regulators could take up our proposal, and discuss the other possibilities of regulation currently in the public debate.The second part focuses on the financing of the transition. After a quick overview of the different estimates of the needs available today, we present an original proposal for international public guarantees whose aim is to redirect financial flows on a large scale towards low-carbon investment needs.Finally, we present the private sustainable finance instruments available today, and highlight the importance of certification processes using a model.Cette thèse étudie les liens entre la finance et le dérèglement climatique. La première partie s’intéresse aux risques financiers induit par le changement climatique et les façons de s’y adapter. Ces risques sont désormais classiquement divisés en deux catégories : les risques physiques et de transition. C’est à ce dernier en particulier que nous nous intéressons. Nous verrons dans une première partie que la stratégie largement préconisée à intention des institutions financières aujourd’hui, l’établissement de scénarios, présente certains écueils difficilement surmontables dans leur mise en pratique. Ces scénarios sont en effet généralement globaux, souffrent d’incertitudes radicales et reposent de surcroît sur des hypothèses qui impliquent des modifications (réglementaires, légales, de comportement…) qui dépassent les institutions financières. Une fois cette première analyse menée, nous émettons ensuite une hypothèse quant aux hypothèses sous-jacentes qui ont pu donner lieu à ces recommandations. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une autre approche, fondée sur l’analyse risque-pays, qui prend en compte les dimensions sociologiques, géopolitique et technique de la transition. Deux études de cas sont menées pour illustrer notre propos, dont les conclusions sont ensuite généralisées.Enfin, nous étudions la façon dont les régulateurs pourraient s’emparer de notre proposition, et discuterons les autres possibilités de régulation aujourd’hui dans le débat public.La seconde partie s’intéresse au financement de la transition. Après un rapide survol des différentes estimations des besoins aujourd’hui disponible, nous présentons une proposition originale de garanties publiques internationales dont le but est de réorienter à grande échelle les flux financiers vers les besoins en investissements bas carbone. Enfin, nous présentons les instruments de la finance durable privée aujourd’hui disponibles, et soulignons l’importance des processus de certification aux moyens d’un modèle