Drag measurements in tubular structure elements. Part 3: Effect of diameter and surface structure on the drag of cylindrical tubes

Measurements on five cylinders with different surfaces show that the supercritical drag coefficient tends to 0.5 for smooth cylinders with maximum critical Re number 4.16 times 10 to the -5 power and to 0.6 for point pattern surfaces with Re number reduced to 2.16 times 10 to the -5 power. For the other surfaces, with increasing roughness the critical Re number decrease while both minimum supercritical drag coefficients increase

Partially unzipped carbon nanotubes as magnetic field sensors

The conductance, $G(E)$, through graphene nanoribbons (GNR) connected to a partially unzipped carbon nanotube (CNT) is studied in the presence of an external magnetic field applied parallel to the long axis of the tube by means of non-equilibrium Green's function technique. We consider (z)igzag and (a)rmchair CNTs that are partially unzipped to form aGNR/zCNT/aGNR or zGNR/aCNT/zGNR junctions. We find that the inclusion of a longitudinal magnetic field affects the electronic states only in the CNT region, leading to the suppression of the conductance at low energies. Unlike previous studies, for the zGNR/aCNT/zGNR junction in zero field, we find a sharp dip in the conductance as the energy approaches the Dirac point and we attribute this non-trivial behavior to the peculiar band dispersion of the constituent subsystems. We demonstrate that both types of junctions can be used as magnetic field sensors.Comment: final version to appear in Applied Physics Letter

The lost sunspot cycle: New support from Be10 measurements

It has been suggested that the deficit in the number of spots on the surface of the Sun between 1790 and 1830, known as the Dalton minimum, contained an extra cycle that was not identified in the original sunspot record by Wolf. Though this cycle would be shorter and weaker than the average solar cycle, it would shift the magnetic parity of the solar magnetic field of the earlier cycles. This extra cycle is sometimes referred to as the 'lost solar cycle' or 'cycle 4b'. Here we reanalyse Be10 measurements with annual resolution from the NGRIP ice core in Greenland in order to investigate if the hypothesis regarding a lost sunspot cycle is supported by these measurements. Specifically, we make use of the fact that the Galactic cosmic rays, responsible for forming Be10 in the Earth's atmosphere, are affected differently by the open solar magnetic field during even and odd solar cycles. This fact enables us to evaluate if the numbering of cycles earlier than cycle 5 is correct. For the evaluation, we use Bayesian analysis, which reveals that the lost sunspot cycle hypothesis is likely to be correct. We also discuss if this cycle 4b is a real cycle, or a phase catastrophe, and what implications this has for our understanding of stellar activity cycles in general.Comment: accepted for publication in A&

Assessing the ability of the 14C projection-age method to constrain the circulation of the past in a 3-D ocean model

Radiocarbon differences between benthic and planktonic foraminifera (B-P ages) and radiocarbon projection ages are both used to determine changes of the past ocean circulation rate. A global 3-D ocean circulation model with a constant modern ocean circulation is used to study which method is less influenced by atmospheric Δ14C variations. Three factors cause uncertainties: first, the long equilibration time of the ocean after atmospheric Δ14C changes; second, different mixing processes in the ocean, which cause an ocean response of smaller amplitude than the atmospheric forcing; and third, the unknown source region and corresponding initial surface 14C reservoir age of subsurface waters. The model suggests that B-P ages and projection ages have lower uncertainties the closer they are to deepwater formation zones. In the North Atlantic the B-P age method is less influenced by atmospheric Δ14C variations than the projection-age method. Projections ages vary less in the Pacific as long as atmospheric Δ14C decreases linearly. A more irregular atmospheric Δ14C evolution leads to age variations of similar magnitude with both methods. On the basis of the model experiment, we suggest a potential improvement of the projection-age method

Influence of adaptive mesh refinement and the hydro solver on shear-induced mass stripping in a minor-merger scenario

We compare two different codes for simulations of cosmological structure formation to investigate the sensitivity of hydrodynamical instabilities to numerics, in particular, the hydro solver and the application of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). As a simple test problem, we consider an initially spherical gas cloud in a wind, which is an idealized model for the merger of a subcluster or galaxy with a big cluster. Based on an entropy criterion, we calculate the mass stripping from the subcluster as a function of time. Moreover, the turbulent velocity field is analyzed with a multi-scale filtering technique. We find remarkable differences between the commonly used PPM solver with directional splitting in the Enzo code and an unsplit variant of PPM in the Nyx code, which demonstrates that different codes can converge to systematically different solutions even when using uniform grids. For the test case of an unbound cloud, AMR simulations reproduce uniform-grid results for the mass stripping quite well, although the flow realizations can differ substantially. If the cloud is bound by a static gravitational potential, however, we find strong sensitivity to spurious fluctuations which are induced at the cutoff radius of the potential and amplified by the bow shock. This gives rise to substantial deviations between uniform-grid and AMR runs performed with Enzo, while the mass stripping in Nyx simulations of the subcluster is nearly independent of numerical resolution and AMR. Although many factors related to numerics are involved, our study indicates that unsplit solvers with advanced flux limiters help to reduce grid effects and to keep numerical noise under control, which is important for hydrodynamical instabilities and turbulent flows.Comment: 23 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication by Astronomy and Computin

Spectral Properties near the Mott Transition in the One-Dimensional Hubbard Model

Single-particle spectral properties near the Mott transition in the one-dimensional Hubbard model are investigated by using the dynamical density-matrix renormalization group method and the Bethe ansatz. The pseudogap, hole-pocket behavior, spectral-weight transfer, and upper Hubbard band are explained in terms of spinons, holons, antiholons, and doublons. The Mott transition is characterized by the emergence of a gapless mode whose dispersion relation extends up to the order of hopping t (spin exchange J) in the weak (strong) interaction regime caused by infinitesimal doping.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Finding Near-Optimal Independent Sets at Scale

The independent set problem is NP-hard and particularly difficult to solve in large sparse graphs. In this work, we develop an advanced evolutionary algorithm, which incorporates kernelization techniques to compute large independent sets in huge sparse networks. A recent exact algorithm has shown that large networks can be solved exactly by employing a branch-and-reduce technique that recursively kernelizes the graph and performs branching. However, one major drawback of their algorithm is that, for huge graphs, branching still can take exponential time. To avoid this problem, we recursively choose vertices that are likely to be in a large independent set (using an evolutionary approach), then further kernelize the graph. We show that identifying and removing vertices likely to be in large independent sets opens up the reduction space---which not only speeds up the computation of large independent sets drastically, but also enables us to compute high-quality independent sets on much larger instances than previously reported in the literature.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, 8 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1502.0168

German views on UNCTAD II

Something about the immense importance of UNCTAD II can be inferred from the hypothetical assumption that the joint attempt of 132 nations to build a “world without poverty, misery, and despair” might founder, and from sober consideration of the effects of such an event. Numerous representatives of developing countries, in their introductory addresses to the Conference, have stressed the indispensable need for bridging the gap which separates the world into the two camps of the affluent and the poor, lest economic backwardness cause again and again major conflicts. We have discussed some aspects of UNCTAD II with Dr Schulz, the deputy acting head of the German deannation, shortly before he left Germany for New Delhi

Yunque, arco y camino: metáforas del narrar en leyendas y poemas históricos del siglo XII en alto alemán medio

Der folgende Aufsatz behandelt Erzählmetaphern in der deutschsprachigen hagiographischen und historiographischen Literatur des 12. Jahrhunderts. Folgende Texte werden unter diesem Aspekt untersucht: der Alexanderroman des Pfaffen Lambrecht, der Oberdeutsche Servatius, die Pilatus-Legende und die Veronica des Wilden Mannes. In den Prologen finden sich nicht nur Bezüge zur antiken Gewebemetapher für das Erzählen, sondern auch Metaphern aus den Bereichen des Schmiedens und Bogenschießens und es werden sogar Vergleiche zwischen dem Erzählen und dem Gehen eines Weges gezogen. In einer Zeit, die noch über keine eigenständigen, volkssprachlichen literaturtheoretischen Termini verfügt, dienen die Metaphern der Legitimation des Erzählens, weshalb es das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist, die Kombination mehrerer Metaphernfelder, so wie sie sich in den ausgewählten Textzeugen darstellt, auf ihre Funktion hin zu befragen.This essay focuses on metaphors of storytelling in German hagiographic and historical poems, mainly in Pfaffe Lambrecht’s Alexanderroman, Oberdeutscher Servatius, Pilatus, and in Der Wilde Mann’s Veronica. These vernacular narrating texts use metaphors in the field of forging, archery, and movement besides the classical antique metaphor of weaving (lat. “texere”). Metaphors therefore serve as an alternate to terms of literary theory, which does not exist for the vernacular language in the 12th century. The aim of this study is to show how metaphors are combined in the prologues and texts, and how they legitimate storytelling in the vernacular on the eve of courtly literature.Este artículo se centra en las metáforas relativas a narrar y narración en la literatura hagiográfica e historiográfica del siglo XII en lengua alemana. Desde este punto de vista se analizan los siguientes textos: Alexanderroman, Oberdeutscher Servatius y Pilatus del Pfaffe Lambrecht y Veronica de Der Wilde Mann. En los prólogos no sólo se encuentran referencias a la antigua metáfora del tejido para la narración (lat. “texere”), sino también a metáforas en el ámbito de la fragua y del tiro al arco y se compara el acto de narrar con el hecho de andar un camino. En una época, donde todavía no existían términos de teoría literaria propios de la lengua vernácula, las metáforas se utilizan para legitimar el narrar, por lo que el objetivo de este análisis es investigar la combinación de varios campos de metáforas en relación a su función, tal como están representadas en los textos seleccionados