468 research outputs found
JetFlow: Generating Jets with Conditioned and Mass Constrained Normalising Flows
Fast data generation based on Machine Learning has become a major research
topic in particle physics. This is mainly because the Monte Carlo simulation
approach is computationally challenging for future colliders, which will have a
significantly higher luminosity. The generation of collider data is similar to
point cloud generation with complex correlations between the points.
In this study, the generation of jets with up to 30 constituents with
Normalising Flows using Rational Quadratic Spline coupling layers is
investigated. Without conditioning on the jet mass, our Normalising Flows are
unable to model all correlations in data correctly, which is evident when
comparing the invariant jet mass distributions between ground truth and
generated data. Using the invariant mass as a condition for the coupling
transformation enhances the performance on all tracked metrics. In addition, we
demonstrate how to sample the original mass distribution by interpolating the
empirical cumulative distribution function. Similarly, the variable number of
constituents is taken care of by introducing an additional condition on the
number of constituents in the jet.
Furthermore, we study the usefulness of including an additional mass
constraint in the loss term. On the \texttt{JetNet} dataset, our model shows
state-of-the-art performance combined with fast and stable training
Treatment and Outcome of Osteoporotic Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fractures With Anterior or Posterior Tension Band Failure (OF 5): Short-Term Results From the Prospective EOFTT Multicenter Study.
STUDY DESIGN
Subgroup analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort study.
OBJECTIVE
To analyse surgical strategies applied to osteoporotic thoracolumbar osteoporotic fracture (OF) 5 injuries with anterior or posterior tension band failure and to assess related complications and clinical outcome.
METHODS
A multicenter prospective cohort study (EOFTT) was conducted at 17 spine centers including 518 consecutive patients who were treated for an osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF). For the present study, only patients with OF 5 fractures were analysed. Outcome parameters were complications, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODI), Timed Up & Go test (TUG), EQ-5D 5L, and Barthel Index.
RESULTS
In total, 19 patients (78 ± 7 years, 13 female) were analysed. Operative treatment consisted of long-segment posterior instrumentation in 9 cases and short-segment posterior instrumentation in 10 cases. Pedicle screws were augmented in 68 %, augmentation of the fractured vertebra was performed in 42%, and additional anterior reconstruction was done in 21 %. Two patients (11 %) received short-segment posterior instrumentation without either anterior reconstruction or cement-augmentation of the fractured vertebra. No surgical or major complications occurred, but general postoperative complications were observed in 45%. At a follow-up of mean 20 ± 10 weeks (range, 12 to 48 weeks), patients showed significant improvements in all functional outcome parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
In this analysis of patients with type OF 5 fractures, surgical stabilization was the treatment of choice and lead to significant short-term improvement in terms of functional outcome and quality of life despite a high general complication rate
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