High Brightness Hadron Injectors for TeV Colliders

The ambitious performance goals of present and future hadron colliders call for a chain of injectors that are specially designed to provide high quality beams. However, for many reasons, not the least of which is cost, all these colliders make use of existing accelerator complexes that were not built for this new task and have therefore to be upgraded. A key issue such hadron injectors have to deal with is the preservation of transverse normalised emittance. Small transverse emittances are important because (i) the collider luminosity is proportional to N(N/e) and becomes larger for smaller emit tance; (ii) particle losses at injection into the collider are reduced, thus reducing the risk of quenching a superconducting magnet. Sources of emittance blow-up, such as mis-steering and mismatch be tween machines, space charge, instabilities and intra-beam scattering, are covered along with corrective measures. Problems common to the Tevatron, HERA-p, RHIC, LHC injector chains (the latter two in cluding heavy ion production) are discussed and the lessons that the LHC injectors can learn from existing hadron colliders are highlighted

The Injector Chain for the LHC

The LHC will be supplied with protons from the injector chain Linac2 - PS Booster - PS - SPS. These accelerators are being upgraded so as to meet the very demanding needs of the LHC: many high intensity bunches (25 ns spacing) with small emittances (transverse and longitudinal). The injector scheme which will satisfy these requirements is presented and the main challenges and problems for the machines are outlined. Some of the open issues which need further elaboration, such as tolerances on bunch intensity, are touched upon. The conversion of the PS complex enters its final phase and the first LHC-type beams have been delivered to the SPS. Finally, the Pb ion injector scheme is sketched and the promising outcome of a test campaign in LEAR is highlighted

Study of emittance blow-up sources between the PS booster and the 26 GeV PS

The tight transverse emittance budget for the bright beams foreseen for the LHC era demands that all sources of emittance blow-up in the injector chain are reduced to a minimum. A critical region is the transfer between the PS Booster (PSB) and the 26 GeV PS. The four rings of the PSB run with RF harmonic one, and for the LHC beam the PS will be filled with eight bunches originating from two consecutive PSB cycles. Thus, each bunch will be different and has to be individually treated. The present recombination scheme introduces an important difference in lattice parameters between the bunches from different rings. The difference between the bunches would, if left uncorrected, result in a substantial emittance blow-up. Several possible improvements of the recombination stage have been studied, including magnet shims, correction quadrupoles and an RF quadrupole magnet. To complement the theoretical studies, the contribution of mismatch and missteering to the emittance blow-up have been measured using a LHC-type beam, measuring the emittance in the PS with a wire-grid and fast wire-scanners. Results of the calculation and the measurements will be discussed and a strategy to minimise the blow-up will be indicated

PS-XXI, a new synchrotron for the LHC injector

The CERN PS is the oldest link in the LHC injector chain. A separate function substitute synchrotron is discussed. It would keep the versatility of the present machine and have a higher extraction energy to relax the tolerance on the microwave instability threshold at injection into the SPS. Its essential property would be an adjustable h variation near the isochronous regime to meet the requirements imposed by bunch compression at ejection. It would also be equipped with all the correction systems of a modern machine

Beams in the CERN PS complex after the RF upgrades for LHC

In preparation for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), extensive modifications have been made to the RF equipment of the PS Booster (PSB) and of the PS during the winter shut down 97-98. Low-frequency RF systems (0.6 - 1.8 MHz and 1.2 - 3.9 MHz) have been installed in the PSB and fixed frequency (40 and 80 MHz) systems in the PS. The longitudinal characteristics of all beams are changed to make the best use of the new capabilities. This paper summarises the characteristics of the new equipment and describes the RF gymnastics used to generate the various beams. The performances achieved so far ar e reported and compared to former results. Future plans are sketched

Emittance preservation in the PS complex

As the LHC injectors have to provide bright beams, all the potential sources of emittance blow-up must be eliminated. One such source arises from the mismatch of the betatron focusing at the interface of a transfer line with a circular machine. Measurements and corrections of this effect have been performed in the line downstream of the linac where space charge plays an important role and between the booster and the PS ring where four beams are recombined and have to be matched simultaneously

Performance of the LHC Pre-Injectors

The LHC pre-injector complex, comprising Linac 2, the PS Booster (PSB) and the PS, has undergone a major upgrade in order to meet the very stringent requirements of the LHC. Whereas bunches with the nominal spacing and transverse beam brightness were already available from the PS in 1999 [1], their length proved to be outside tolerance due to a debunching procedure plagued by microwave instabilities. An alternative scenario was then proposed, based on a series of bunch-splitting steps in the PS. The entire process has recently been implemented successfully, and beams whose longitudinal characteristics are safely inside LHC specifications are now routinely available. Variants of the method also enable bunch trains with gaps of different lengths to be generated. These are of interest for the study and possible cure of electron cloud effects in both the SPS and LHC. The paper summarizes the beam dynamics issues that had to be addressed to produce beams with all the requisite qualities for the LHC