How and why do financial incentives contribute to helping people stop smoking? A realist review protocol

Introduction: Smoking is harmful to human health and programmes to help people stop smoking are key public health efforts that improve individual and population health outcomes. Research shows that financial incentives improve the success of stop smoking programmes. However, a better understanding of how they work is needed to better inform policy and to support building capability for implementation.The aims of this study: (1) To review the international literature to understand: How, why, in what circumstances and for whom financial incentives improve the success of stop smoking interventions among general population groups and among pregnant women. (2) To provide recommendations for how to best use financial incentives in efforts to promote smoking cessation. Methods and analysis: A realist review of published international literature will be undertaken to understand how, why, for whom and in which circumstances financial incentives contribute to success in stopping smoking for general population groups and among pregnant women. Systematic searches were undertaken on 16 February 2022 of five academic databases: MEDLINE (ovid), Embase.com, CIHAHL, Scopus and PsycINFO. Iterative searching using citation tracking and of grey literature will be undertaken as needed. Using Pawson and Tilley's iterative realist review approach, data collected will be screened, selected, coded, analysed and synthesised into a set of explanatory theoretical findings. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is not required for this review as data sources to be included are previously published. The study will provide important findings for policy-makers and health system leaders to guide the development of stop smoking services which use incentives, for example, as part of the Health Service Executive's Tobacco Free Programme in Ireland. Understanding how contextual factors impact implementation and programmatic success is key to developing a more effective public health approach to stop smoking. Our dissemination strategy will be developed with our stakeholders. Prospero registration number: CRD42022298941.</p

Additional file 1 of The role of governance in shaping health system reform: a case study of the design and implementation of new health regions in Ireland, 2018–2023

Supplementary Material

Use of Concomitant Antibiotics During Treatment for Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) in Pediatric Inpatients: An Observational Cohort Study

<p><strong>Article full text</strong></p> <p><br> The full text of this article can be found <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40121-016-0105-2"><b>here</b>.</a><br> <br> <strong>Provide enhanced content for this article</strong><br> There are currently no enhanced features for this article. If you are an author of this publication and would like to provide additional enhanced content for your article then please contact <u>[email protected]</u>.<br> <br> The journal offers a range of additional features designed to increase visibility and readership. All features will be thoroughly peer reviewed to ensure the content is of the highest scientific standard and all features are marked as ‘peer reviewed’ to ensure readers are aware that the content has been reviewed to the same level as the articles they are being presented alongside. Moreover, all sponsorship and disclosure information is included to provide complete transparency and adherence to good publication practices. This ensures that however the content is reached the reader has a full understanding of its origin. No fees are charged for hosting additional open access content.<br> <br> Other enhanced features include, but are not limited to:</p> <p>• Summary Slides</p> <p>• Slide decks</p> <p>• Videos and animations</p> <p>• Audio abstracts</p> <p>• Audio slides</p> <p> </p

Vascular Risk Factors in Patients with Different Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke May Affect Their Outcome after Intravenous tPA

<div><p>Intravenous (IV) tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved noninvasive therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, after tPA treatment, the outcome of patients with different subtypes of stroke according to their vascular risk factors remains to be elucidated. We aim to explore the relationship between the outcome and different risk factors in patients with different subtype of acute strokes treated with IV tPA. Records of patients in this cohort were reviewed. Data collected and analysed included the demographics, vascular risk factors, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, 90-day modified Rankin Scores (mRS), and subtypes of stroke. By using the 90-day mRS, patients were dichotomized into favorable versus unfavorable outcome in each subtype of stroke. We identified the vascular risk factors that are likely associated with the poor outcome in each subtype. Among 570 AIS patients received IV tPA, 217 were in the large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) group, 146 in the small vessel occlusion(SVO) group, and 140 in the cardioaortic embolism(CE) group. Lower NIHSS score on admission was related to favorable outcome in patients in all subtypes. Patients with history of dyslipidemia were likely on statin treatment before their admission and hence less likely to have elevated cholesterol level on admission. Therefore, there was a possible paradoxical effect on the outcome in patients with LAA and SVO subtypes of strokes. SVO patients with history of diabetes had higher risk of unfavorable outcome. SVO patients had favorable outcome if their time from onset to treatment was short. In conclusion, the outcome of patients treated with IV tPA may be related to different vascular risk factors associated with different subtypes of stroke.</p></div

Risk factors of outcomes in different subtype of stroke patients in multivariable logistic regression.

<p>Risk factors of outcomes in different subtype of stroke patients in multivariable logistic regression.</p

Characteristics of acute stroke patients with intravenous tPA at baseline.

<p>Characteristics of acute stroke patients with intravenous tPA at baseline.</p

The Comparison on door to needle intervals more of > 60 minutes in logistic regression model analysis.

<p>According to the door to needle (DTN) intervals of > 60 minutes or not, the patients were divided into two groups and related factors were assessed. Since DTN is a more accurate measure and the onset to treatment (OTT) intervals along with the ethnicity of patients were quite different from these two hospitals, we removed race and OTT from this analysis. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidential interval; NIHSS = National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; sICH = symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage; mRS = modified Rankin Scale were divided into two groups, favorable outcome as mRS scores 0 or 1, unfavorable outcome as mRS scores 2 or more; HS = Huashan Hospital; CBC = the complete blood counts result back before tPA.</p><p>The Comparison on door to needle intervals more of > 60 minutes in logistic regression model analysis.</p

Astegolimab, an anti-ST2, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - COPD-ST2OP : a phase IIa, placebo-controlled trial

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Different DTN distributions between with/without CBC before tPA.

<p>DTN = door to needle intervals, CBC = complete blood count, tPA = tissue plasminogen activator; INI = Illinois Neurological Institute/OSF Comprehensive stroke center.</p