Adsorption Studies of Crystal Violet From Aqueous Solution Using Low Cost Material: Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies

Crystal violet (CV), one of the toxic dyes which are extensively used for dyestuffs, textile, paper and plastics industries. CV does not easily biodegrades in aqueous medium and show harmful effect on aquatic as well as human life. In the present work adsorption studies of CV onto husk powder of Red gram crop (Cajanuscajan) seed was examined in aqueous solution at 27.8ºC. The effects of initial concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and contact time etc were determined. Highest 81.49% adsorption efficiency recorded was for 50 mg/L solution concentration onto 2.5g of husk powder of Red gram crop seed. The applicability of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model was investigated, and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model exhibited the best fit than Freundlich isotherm model with the experimental data. The adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics

Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

<p>The most common cause of dementia in the elderly is Alzheimer's disease. The development of treatments for Alzheimer's disease has been helped by research, at least in part. These achievements and setbacks have sparked discussion over possible gaps in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease as well as possible hazards in the identification of therapeutic targets, development of drug candidates, diagnostics, and clinical trial design. Although there is a lot of clinical and experimental research being conducted, we must accept the likelihood that there won't be a single cure for Alzheimer's disease and that the strategy for developing new drugs to treat this condition needs to be reevaluated. Preclinical research is continuously shedding light on various aspects of the intricate jigsaw that is Alzheimer's disease, and a review of this data may point to patterns of pharmacological interactions rather than specific possible therapeutic targets. We may be getting closer to creating the best possible pharmaceutical strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease thanks to the several encouraging randomized controlled studies that are currently underway and the growing cooperation between pharmaceutical corporations, basic scientists, and clinical researchers. First Off Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the elderly, and as the world's population ages, the illness is becoming more widespread and burdensome on society, the economy, and human resources. There is an urgent need for effective treatments. Although it is still up for debate, current Alzheimer's disease medications improve symptoms by targeting cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. 1 (table).2- 15 Many substances are in various stages of development, to find medicines that affect disease. We present an up-to-date and thorough overview of the state of medication development for Alzheimer's disease in this review, highlighting therapeutic methods that are still in the preclinical stages and concentrating mostly on substances that are being tested on humans. The main mechanisms of action of drugs are discussed, including those that impact neurotransmission, those that stop misfolded proteins (tau and amyloid β *Aβ+) from building up, and those that repair mitochondrial function or the growth factor balance, among other therapeutic modalities. For pragmatic reasons, this subject has historically been divided into specialized discussions of various treatment approaches. We summarize all of the clinical data that are currently available in this paper, discussing them from both a clinical and design standpoint. We also go over general issues related to this subject, such as the underlying dominant hypothesis (one protein, one drug, one disease), its implications, and the necessity of changing it. This theory states that the goal of medication research is to identify a specific substance that affects a single, targeted illness to achieve the intended therapeutic outcomes. A strategy like this, meanwhile, might not be appropriate given how complicated Alzheimer's disease is. cholinergic medications Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can help restore the reduced cholinergic transmission caused by the early loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, which is a hallmark of the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease.[1]</p&gt

Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

<p>The most common cause of dementia in the elderly is Alzheimer's disease. The development of treatments for Alzheimer's disease has been helped by research, at least in part. These achievements and setbacks have sparked discussion over possible gaps in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease as well as possible hazards in the identification of therapeutic targets, development of drug candidates, diagnostics, and clinical trial design. Although there is a lot of clinical and experimental research being conducted, we must accept the likelihood that there won't be a single cure for Alzheimer's disease and that the strategy for developing new drugs to treat this condition needs to be reevaluated. Preclinical research is continuously shedding light on various aspects of the intricate jigsaw that is Alzheimer's disease, and a review of this data may point to patterns of pharmacological interactions rather than specific possible therapeutic targets. We may be getting closer to creating the best possible pharmaceutical strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease thanks to the several encouraging randomized controlled studies that are currently underway and the growing cooperation between pharmaceutical corporations, basic scientists, and clinical researchers. First Off Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the elderly, and as the world's population ages, the illness is becoming more widespread and burdensome on society, the economy, and human resources. There is an urgent need for effective treatments. Although it is still up for debate, current Alzheimer's disease medications improve symptoms by targeting cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. 1 (table).2- 15 Many substances are in various stages of development, to find medicines that affect disease. We present an up-to-date and thorough overview of the state of medication development for Alzheimer's disease in this review, highlighting therapeutic methods that are still in the preclinical stages and concentrating mostly on substances that are being tested on humans. The main mechanisms of action of drugs are discussed, including those that impact neurotransmission, those that stop misfolded proteins (tau and amyloid β *Aβ+) from building up, and those that repair mitochondrial function or the growth factor balance, among other therapeutic modalities. For pragmatic reasons, this subject has historically been divided into specialized discussions of various treatment approaches. We summarize all of the clinical data that are currently available in this paper, discussing them from both a clinical and design standpoint. We also go over general issues related to this subject, such as the underlying dominant hypothesis (one protein, one drug, one disease), its implications, and the necessity of changing it. This theory states that the goal of medication research is to identify a specific substance that affects a single, targeted illness to achieve the intended therapeutic outcomes. A strategy like this, meanwhile, might not be appropriate given how complicated Alzheimer's disease is. cholinergic medications Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can help restore the reduced cholinergic transmission caused by the early loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, which is a hallmark of the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease.[1].</p&gt

Contraceptive use and unintended pregnancies among HIV-infected women in Mumbai

Background: Access to reproductive health services in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) programs can greatly enhance program′s potential to limit the spread of disease, reduce unintended pregnancies and safeguard the health of infected people. Objectives: To assess (i) knowledge, attitude, and use regarding contraceptives; safe sex and dual protection; (ii) fertility desires and unintended pregnancies post HIV and (iii) symptoms of reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted infection (RTI/STI) among women infected with HIV. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among 300 currently married HIV-positive women who had not undergone permanent sterilization with no immediate desire for pregnancy. Study site was Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers (ICTC) in tertiary hospitals of Mumbai and women were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. Results: In spite of good awareness about modern methods, 42.7 felt that contraceptives other than condoms were harmful to use due to their HIV status. Knowledge on dual protection was limited to condom (75%). Condom use increased from 5.7% pre-HIV to 71.7% post-HIV, with 89.6% reporting regular use. Future fertility desire was expressed by 8.7% women. Induced abortions post-HIV was reported by16.6% women, as pregnancies were unintended. About 69% wished to use dual contraceptive methods for effective protection if it was not harmful to be used by people living with HIV (PLHIV). Conclusion: Data reveals a need to promote modern contraceptive methods along with regular condom use to prevent unintended pregnancies and improve health-seeking behavior for contraception. Health system models that converge or link HIV services with other reproductive health services need to be tested to provide comprehensive reproductive healthcare to infected women in India