Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

PURE subject characteristics stratified by country/state.

<p>BMI = body-mass index; GDP = gross domestic product; GS = grip strength; NA = not available because dietary data have not yet been analysed; SD = standard deviation. Medal tally refers to Summer Olympic Games from 2000–16 inclusive.</p

Population Muscle Strength Predicts Olympic Medal Tallies: Evidence from 20 Countries in the PURE Prospective Cohort Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>National sporting achievement at the Olympic Games is important for national pride and prestige, and to promote participation in sport. Summer Olympic Games medal tallies have been associated with national wealth, and also social development and healthcare expenditure. It is uncertain however, how these socioeconomic factors translate into Olympic success. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the relationship between population muscle strength and Olympic medal tallies.</p><p>Methods and Results</p><p>This study of handgrip strength represents a cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, which is an ongoing population cohort study of individuals from high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Within participating countries, households from both urban and rural communities were invited to participate using a sampling strategy intended to yield a sample that was representative of the community. Households were eligible if at least one member was aged 35–70 years and if they intended living at the same address for a further four years. A total of 152,610 participants from these households, located in 21 countries, were included in this analysis. Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar dynanometer. Olympic medal tallies were made over the five most recent Summer Games.</p><p>There was a significant positive association between national population grip strength (GS) and medal tally that persisted after adjustment for sex, age, height, average daily caloric intake and GDP (total and per capita). For every 1kg increase in population GS, the medal tally increased by 36% (95% CI 13–65%, p = 0.001) after adjustment. Among countries that won at least one medal over the four most recent Summer Olympic Games, there was a close linear relationship between adjusted GS and the natural logarithm of the per capita medal tally (adjusted r = 0.74, p = 0.002).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Population muscle strength may be an important determinant of Summer Olympic Games medal success. Further research is needed to understand whether population muscle strength is modifiable, and whether this can improve Olympic medal success. Extreme outcomes may reflect the average attributes of the population from which the individual experiencing the extreme outcome is drawn.</p></div

Scatter plots depicting the relationship between mean national grip strength.

<p>The relationship between mean national grip strength and national GDP, and the natural logarithm of the per capita medal tally: (A)–unadjusted, and (B)–adjusted for age, sex, height, dietary caloric intake and national GDP), and the natural logarithm of the per capita medal tally. Countries that did not win any summer Olympic medals from 2000–16 cannot be represented.</p

Power to detect treatment heterogeneity for each individual outcome within the composite outcome.

<p>Power to detect that the treatment hazard ratio for outcome is different from the remaining two outcomes, as it hazard ratio varied from 0.70 to 2.0 (horizontal axis). The hazard ratios for the other two outcomes are kept constant at 0.70. Each outcome is represented by a different power curve.</p

Composite outcome treatment heterogeneity test results for the POISE trial .

<p>Results of heterogeneity tests for the actual trial data.</p

Estimated robust covariance matrix Σ.

<p>Estimated robust covariance matrix Σ.</p

MOESM1 of Could patents interfere with the development of a cardiovascular polypill?

Additional file 1. Appendix S1. Co-formulation search criteria in WIPO PatentScope (run in May 2015). Appendix S2. Typology of search results from co-formulation searches in WIPO PatentScope

Pooled effect of barriers on hypertension treatment adherence/persistence (n = 5).

<p>Pooled effect of barriers on hypertension treatment adherence/persistence (n = 5).</p

Flow diagram of included studies.

<p>Flow diagram of included studies.</p